TS PGECET 2024 Architecture And Planning Question Paper with Answer Key PDF

Question 1:

Under the Smart Cities Mission in India, what is the emphasis of "Area-Based Development"?

• (a) Prioritizing centralized development projects
• (b) Focusing exclusively on luxury housing complexes
• (c) Promoting inclusive development of specific city zones
• (d) Ignoring the need for infrastructure upgrades

Which construction technique involves assembling pre-made components off-site and then transporting them to the construction site for final assembly?

• (a) Traditional Construction
• (b) Prefabrication
• (c) Modular Coordination
• (d) PERT

The "Diwan-i-Khas" in the Red Fort served a specific purpose. What was it?

• (a) The emperor's private audience hall
• (b) The living quarters of the royal family
• (c) The administrative centre of the Mughal Empire
• (d) The treasury for storing precious stones and gold

Public participation is crucial in the planning process because it

• (a) Increases the cost of projects
• (b) Slows down decision-making
• (c) Ensures diverse perspectives are considered
• (d) Guarantees all proposals are approved

The concept of dry garden is associated with

• (a) Japanese garden
• (b) Mughal garden
• (c) Italian garden
• (d) French garden

According to whom, city is a living organism

• (a) Patrick Geddes
• (b) Le Corbusier
• (c) Charles Correa
• (d) Lewis Mumford

How often a long-term comprehensive plan is typically reviewed and updated?

• (a) Every year
• (b) Every five years
• (c) Every ten years
• (d) Every seven years

The chances of silt formation are higher in which of the following water distribution system?

• (a) Grid Iron system
• (b) Radial system
• (c) Ring system
• (d) Tree System

In Auto CAD, polar coordinate is used for creating

• (a) Arc
• (b) Angular lines
• (c) Ellipse
• (d) Rectangle

What is the primary goal of National housing policies?

• (a) Addressing housing affordability and accessibility issue
• (b) Promoting luxury housing
• (c) Encouraging gated communities
• (d) Ignoring urban development

Which of the following is characterized by a forest-like arrangement of columns supporting the roof?

• (a) Pylon
• (b) Hypostyle Hall
• (c) Obelisk
• (d) Mastaba

The term used to describe the process of determining the best use and arrangement of land and structures on a site is

• (a) Zoning
• (b) Programming
• (c) Site analysis
• (d) Landscaping

Select the feature of Mughal garden

• (a) Occult symmetry, pontoon bridges, stepping stone
• (b) Hierarchy of courts, hierarchy of gates, zoomorphic form
• (c) Symmetrical layout, water cascades, entombment
• (d) Radial layout, symmetrical sculpture, boulevards

The natural residence of every organism is known as

• (a) Biome
• (b) Niche
• (c) Habit
• (d) Habitat

Which of the following is an example of a regional planning tool used for forecasting future population growth?

• (a) Environmental impact assessment
• (b) Housing affordability analysis
• (c) Land use zoning
• (d) Population projection models

As per NBC, buildings are classified into how many types?
NBC = National Building Code of India

• (a) 8
• (b) 9
• (c) 6
• (d) 7

In project management, the term PERT stands for

• (a) Project Execution and Resource Tracking
• (b) Program Evaluation and Review Technique
• (c) Project Estimation and Resource Timelines
• (d) Program Execution and Resource Tracking

The role of urban planners in pedestrian and slow moving traffic planning is

• (a) Ignoring pedestrian needs
• (b) Designing streets with minimal consideration for safety
• (c) Incorporating features that encourage walking and cycling
• (d) Focusing solely on accommodating vehicular traffic

The term used to describe the central point of interest in a design or urban space is

• (a) Focal Point
• (b) Vista
• (c) Imageability
• (d) Visual Survey

Which financial institution plays a crucial role in implementing and financing housing programs in India?

• (a) Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
• (b) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)
• (c) State Bank of India (SBI)
• (d) National Housing Bank (NHB)

The function of Gantt charts in project management is

• (a) Resource allocation
• (b) Time scheduling
• (c) Cost estimation
• (d) Quality control

Which remote sensing technique is commonly used to assess vegetation health and land cover in urban areas?

• (a) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
• (b) Hyperspectral imaging
• (c) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
• (d) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

What distinguishes a "Multi-Sector" SEZ from a "Single-Sector" SEZ in terms of city planning?
SEZ = Special Economic Zone

• (a) Architectural design flexibility
• (b) Inclusion of multiple industries in one zone
• (c) Exclusive focus on residential development
• (d) Greater emphasis on historical preservation

Non-structural mitigation measures focus on
In the context of disaster risk reduction.

• (a) Building physical infrastructure to reduce disaster risks
• (b) Increasing public awareness and preparedness for potential disasters
• (c) Providing financial compensation for losses incurred during disasters
• (d) Rebuilding communities after disasters have struck

The 30 St Mary Axe skyscrapers in London, nicknamed "The Gherkin" due to its distinctive shape, was designed by which architect known for his innovative and sustainable designs?

• (a) Norman Foster
• (b) Richard Rogers
• (c) Renzo Piano
• (d) Will Alsop

Which sustainable design principle focuses on optimizing a building's orientation to the sun?

• (a) Passive solar design
• (b) Excessive energy consumption
• (c) Traditional building orientation
• (d) Minimal consideration for sunlight

A water treatment process of removing suspended solids by destabilizing the suspended particles in water solutions is

• (a) Clarks process
• (b) Screening
• (c) Coagulation
• (d) Disinfection

Which structural design philosophy considers both elastic and ultimate strength conditions?

• (a) Limit State Design
• (b) Elastic Design (Working Stress Design)
• (c) Ultimate Load Design (Ultimate Strength Design)
• (d) Plastic Design

"Transit-Oriented Development" (TOD) emphasizes

• (a) Encouraging sprawling suburban developments
• (b) Disregarding the integration of housing and transportation
• (c) Isolating residential areas from public amenities
• (d) Integrating housing with public transportation to reduce dependency on private vehicles

In the context of eco-cities, what does the term "Blue-Green Infrastructure" refer to?

• (a) Sustainable transportation systems
• (b) Integrated water management and green spaces
• (c) Energy-efficient building materials
• (d) Eco-friendly waste management practices

As per URDPFI Guidelines 2015 of Government of India, choose the correct hierarchy of plans from higher order to lower order
URDPFI = Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines

• (a) Perspective plan, Development plan, Zonal plan, Regional plan
• (b) Perspective plan, Regional plan, Development plan, Zonal plan
• (c) Regional plan, Perspective plan, Development plan, Zonal plan
• (d) Zonal plan, Development plan, Perspective plan, Regional plan

Which of the following pollutants are responsible for the cause of SMOG?

• (a) From incinerators
• (b) Emissions from vehicles
• (c) Both incinerators and emissions from vehicles
• (d) Bioreserves

The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya in Ahmedabad, with its simple structures and focus on natural elements, showcases the work of which architect?

• (a) Charles Correa
• (b) Laurie Baker
• (c) B.V. Doshi
• (d) Hasmukh C Patel

The "Texture" in architectural design refers to

• (a) The visual weight of elements
• (b) The arrangement of colours in a composition
• (c) The tactile quality or feel of surfaces
• (d) The repetition and variation of patterns

The ability of the material to deform under stress and return to its original shape when the stress is removed is called

• (a) Elasticity
• (b) Plasticity
• (c) Brittleness
• (d) Stiffness

The dome of the Florence cathedral was designed by?

• (a) Filippo Brunelleschi
• (b) Leon Batista Alberti
• (c) Giuliano da Sangallo
• (d) Giacomo da Vignola

The document providing detailed guidelines for physical planning development of specific zones within a city is

• (a) Long-term comprehensive plan
• (b) Structural development plan
• (c) Zonal plan
• (d) Master plan

In Auto Cad when a layer is turned off

• (a) Details can still be added to the layer
• (b) Details on the layer cannot be seen
• (c) Details cannot be erased from the layer
• (d) Design file is displayed 

Which of the following cities is known for being India's first Greenfield smart city?

• (a) Bengaluru
• (b) Mumbai
• (c) Naya Raipur
• (d) Chennai

What is the primary advantage of pre-stressing in structural design?

• (a) Increased durability
• (b) Enhanced aesthetic appeal
• (c) Improved fire resistance
• (d) Higher load-carrying capacity

Identify the command that does not belong to the Boolean group in AutoCAD

• (a) union
• (b) subtract
• (c) intersect
• (d) divide

What is the main purpose of fiscal policy?

• (a) To regulate the money supply
• (b) To achieve economic stability and growth
• (c) To control inflation
• (d) To promote international trade

What is the name of the section of a Gothic cathedral that houses the clergy and choir during services?

• (a) Transept
• (b) Nave
• (c) Apse
• (d) Chancel

The state of the atmosphere over an area at any point in time is known as

• (a) Weather
• (b) Climate
• (c) Heat
• (d) Cold

The plumbing system in which anti siphonage pipe is provided only for solid waste line is
"Anti siphonage pipe" refers to vent pipes or anti-siphon traps designed to prevent the siphoning of water seals in traps.

• (a) Partially ventilated single stack system
• (b) Two pipe system
• (c) Single stack system
• (d) One pipe

The characteristic which defines eclecticism in architecture is

• (a) Rigidity in adhering to a single historical style
• (b) Incorporation of elements from various architectural styles
• (c) Emphasis on minimalist design and functionality
• (d) Focus on the use of innovative materials and technologies

Pile foundation is mostly preferred in

• (a) Soft rocks
• (b) Soft and loose soils
• (c) Hard rocks
• (d) Compact granular soils

The planning approach which emphasizes community participation and collaboration in the urban renewal process is

• (a) Top-down planning
• (b) Market-oriented planning
• (c) Comprehensive planning
• (d) Bottom-up planning

The expansion device used in domestic refrigerator working on vapour compression cycle is

• (a) Electrically operated throttle valve
• (b) Manually operated valve
• (c) Thermostatic valve
• (d) Capillary tube

Match the respective cities to their planners

City                                 Planner(s)
P Navi Mumbai   1  H.K. Mewada and Prakash M Apte
Q Amaravati       2 Jamsetji Tata
R Gandhinagar  3 Charles Correa
S Jamshedpur   4 Hafeez Contractor

• (a) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
• (b) P-4, Q-3, R-1, S-2
• (c) P-3, Q-2, R-4, S-1
• (d) P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2

Line that connects the distributor conductor at the nearest pole to the consumer's end is

• (a) Secondary transmission lines
• (b) Service mains
• (c) Primary transmission lines
• (d) Secondary distribution lines

Which of the following architectural elements is NOT typically found in a South Indian temple complex?

• (a) Gopuram
• (b) Vimana
• (c) Mandapa
• (d) Shikhara

Which of the following gas is produced from landfill wastes?

• (a) Biogas
• (b) Compressed Natural gas
• (c) Liquified petroleum gas
• (d) Both Liquified petroleum gas and Compressed Natural gas

What is the role of zoning laws in city planning?

• (a) To regulate the use of land and buildings
• (b) To promote economic development
• (c) To provide affordable housing options
• (d) To encourage the construction of high-rise buildings

Which survey technique utilizes aerial or satellite imagery to gather information about land use, vegetation and other features of the Earth's surface?

• (a) Field survey
• (b) Remote sensing
• (c) Participant observation
• (d) Interview survey

Which of the following trap is provided at the junction of house sewer and street sewer?

• (a) Q-trap
• (b) Gully trap
• (c) Reflux valve
• (d) Intercepting trap

Where was the Great Granary of the Indus Valley civilization discovered?

• (a) Lothal
• (b) Harappa
• (c) Mohenjo-Daro
• (d) Kalibangan

A slump test for concrete is carried out to determine

• (a) Workability
• (b) Durability
• (c) Strength
• (d) Water content

According to URDPFI guidelines, what is the full form of IDDP?

• (a) Inter District Development Plan
• (b) Intra District Development Planning
• (c) Integrated District Development Plan
• (d) Inter District Development Planning

Which of the following is NOT an example of noise pollution control measure?

• (a) Soundproofing buildings
• (b) Increasing industrial activities in residential areas
• (c) Enforcing noise level regulations
• (d) Using noise barriers along highways

Which one of these is not a part of the five hearths of urbanization

• (a) Etruscan Civilization
• (b) Mesopotamia
• (c) Indus Valley Civilization
• (d) Huang He and Wei river Valley

How can mass transportation planning contribute to sustainable urban development?

• (a) By encouraging urban sprawl
• (b) By prioritizing single-occupancy vehicle use
• (c) By reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impacts
• (d) By disregarding the needs of vulnerable populations

What is the main principle behind the strength of materials?

• (a) Material hardness
• (b) Material stress and strain
• (c) Material density
• (d) Material colour

Which of the following is NOT typically a component of a Land Information System (LIS)?

• (a) Spatial databases
• (b) Geographic information systems (GIS)
• (c) Remote sensing techniques
• (d) Economic forecasting models

In 3ds Max, which of the following is a type of deformable object that provides controls for manipulating a mesh object made up of triangular faces as an object and at three sub-object levels: vertex, edge and face?

• (a) Element
• (b) Keyframes
• (c) Editable mesh
• (d) Editable poly

What is the purpose of contextualism in Post-Modern architecture?

• (a) To blend seamlessly with the surrounding environment
• (b) To create a stark contrast with the existing buildings
• (c) To prioritize functionality and efficiency in design
• (d) To focus solely on the building's aesthetic impact

The shortcut to start a table in Auto Cad is

• (a) T
• (b) TA
• (c) TBL
• (d) TABLE

The term "Wayfinding" encompasses a theoretical approach known as "Cognitive Mapping." Who developed the concept of Cognitive Mapping?

• (a) Edward T. Hall
• (b) Richard Sennett
• (c) Kevin Lynch
• (d) Henri Lefebvre

What role do public transportation systems play in traffic management in cities?

• (a) They exacerbate traffic congestion
• (b) They provide an alternative to private vehicle use, reducing congestion and pollution
• (c) They have no impact on traffic management
• (d) They only serve as a last resort for commuters

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered in a land use survey?

• (a) Zoning regulations
• (b) Population density
• (c) Environmental conservation efforts
• (d) Economic growth projections

Effective institutional networking often involves

• (a) Sharing best practices and learning from other organizations
• (b) Engaging in competition for resources and recognition
• (c) Isolating oneself from other institutions in the same field
• (d) Focusing solely on individual institutional goals

In construction, what does FRP stand for?

• (a) Fibre Reinforced Polymer
• (b) Flexible Reinforcement Panel
• (c) Fast-Repairing Plastic
• (d) Fire-Resistant Particleboard

Several architectural elements within Buddhist monuments in India hold symbolic meanings. Explain the symbolic significance of the "Toranas" at Sanchi Stupa

• (a) They represent the gateway to the divine realm and the Buddha's teachings
• (b) They depict scenes from the Buddha's past lives and guide visitors towards enlightenment
• (c) They serve as structural supports for the stupa's dome and enhance its stability
• (d) They commemorate the life and achievements of Emperor Ashoka, the stupa's patron

Barrier Free Design in urban planning aims to create spaces that are accessible to

• (a) Only pedestrians
• (b) Only cyclists
• (c) People with disabilities
• (d) Only vehicles

What characterizes the "Bungalow" housing typology?

• (a) A multi-story residential unit
• (b) A single-story dwelling, typically with a sloping roof
• (c) An attached housing unit with shared walls
• (d) A high-density apartment building

How does the "Build-Operate-Transfer" (BOT) model in PPP differ from other models in city planning?
PPP = Public-Private Partnership

• (a) It emphasizes government ownership throughout the project's lifespan
• (b) It involves only private sector stakeholders
• (c) It allows private entities to finance, operate and eventually transfer the project back to the public sector
• (d) It focuses exclusively on residential development

What was the purpose of the Roman concept of "insulae" in urban planning?

• (a) Agricultural estates
• (b) Residential apartment buildings
• (c) Temples and religious sites
• (d) Marketplaces and commercial centres

What is the purpose of a 'metope,' an element found on Doric frieze panels?

• (a) To frame sculptures depicting mythological scenes
• (b) To channel rainwater away from the roof
• (c) To support the weight of the roof
• (d) To serve as a decorative element between triglyphs

What design principle refers to the relationship between different elements in a composition and their relative size?

• (a) Rhythm
• (b) Proportion
• (c) Harmony
• (d) Symmetry

What is the primary factor considered in the elastic design of structural elements?

• (a) Ultimate strength
• (b) Serviceability
• (c) Ductility
• (d) Plasticity

What role does "Mixed-Use Zoning" play in neighbourhood design?

• (a) Encouraging segregation of land uses
• (b) Promoting a single-use approach
• (c) Facilitating diverse activities within the same zone
• (d) Focusing solely on residential developments

The 73rd and 74th Amendments were enacted in
(Refers to the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts in India.)

• (a) 1950, along with the Indian Constitution
• (b) 1990, following the Mandal Commission recommendations
• (c) 1992, aiming to decentralize power and improve local governance
• (d) 2011, as part of a larger economic reforms program

Which of the following natural forms are frequently incorporated into Art Nouveau architecture?

• (a) Geometric shapes like squares and circles
• (b) Flowing lines, curves and organic shapes mimicking plants and insects
• (c) Strict symmetry and classical proportions
• (d) Heavy use of columns and pediments

What is a key consideration in the planning of evacuation routes in disaster-prone urban areas?

• (a) Encouraging residents to stay in their homes
• (b) Minimizing the width of evacuation corridors
• (c) Prioritizing scenic routes for evacuation
• (d) Ensuring quick and safe movement of people during emergencies

The URDPFI guidelines are designed to promote

• (a) Rapid and uncontrolled urban growth
• (b) Sustainable and well-planned development of urban and regional areas
• (c) Prioritization of short-term economic gains over long-term environmental considerations
• (d) Centralized planning with minimal public participation

What is Pruning?

• (a) A live bud from a desired plant is inserted into a host
• (b) Loosening the ground to remove weeds
• (c) The process when individual branches are cut selectively
• (d) Adding fertilizers to the top soil

Formulation of GIS based master plan is a sub-scheme of

• (a) Smart Cities Mission
• (b) Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
• (c) Shyama Prasad Mukherji Urban Mission
• (d) Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)

Which traffic survey method provides continuous data over extended periods without human intervention?

• (a) Video Cameras
• (b) Manual Traffic Counting
• (c) GPS and Mobile Data Analysis
• (d) Automatic Traffic Counting

In the context of "Wayfinding," what is a crucial consideration for effective navigation systems?

• (a) Overemphasis on complex signage
• (b) Cognitive load and user-friendly cues
• (c) Restriction of visual stimuli
• (d) Ignoring the concept of a focal point

How does natural ventilation contribute to passive cooling in buildings?

• (a) By circulating cool air throughout the building
• (b) By trapping heat inside the building
• (c) By increasing solar heat gain
• (d) By reducing thermal mass

Which building material is categorized as a polymer composite?

• (a) Timber
• (b) Brick
• (c) Steel
• (d) FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer)

Which government initiative in India focuses on providing affordable housing to the urban poor?

• (a) Swachh Bharat Mission
• (b) Make in India
• (c) Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
• (d) Smart Cities Mission

In the state of Himachal Pradesh, the "Kath-Kuni" architectural style involves alternating construction of wood and stone. What is the primary advantage of this technique?

• (a) Increased structural stability in earthquake-prone zones
• (b) Enhanced insulation during cold winters
• (c) Artistic expression and decorative appeal
• (d) Protection from heavy rainfall and snowfall

Which of the following is not a property of ferrocement?

• (a) Impervious nature
• (b) Capacity to resist shock
• (c) No need to formwork
• (d) Strength per unit mass is low
  (It's high)

The example for Radial Balance is

• (a) Stupa at Sanchi
• (b) Sydney Opera House
• (c) Humayun's Tomb
• (d) Great pyramid of Giza

The term used to describe a document that outlines specific steps and strategies to achieve the goals set forth in a development plan is

• (a) Urban master plan
• (b) Zoning ordinance
• (c) Action plan
• (d) Comprehensive plan

Public participation is most effective when

• (a) Limited to a select few vocal individuals or groups
• (b) Inclusive, transparent and encourages diverse voices and perspectives
• (c) Focused solely on achieving consensus, even if it means compromising on important considerations
• (d) Conducted through top-down directives and controlled communication channels

Which of the following is a technique used to reduce echoes in large spaces in architectural acoustics?

• (a) Installing reflective surfaces
• (b) Using sound-absorbing materials
• (c) Increasing the volume of the space
• (d) Removing all barriers

The term "residential density" in urban planning refers to

• (a) The height of buildings
• (b) The number of housing units per hectare or acre
• (c) The variety of housing typologies
• (d) The distance between neighbourhoods

Inflorescence in a tree structure refers to

• (a) Fragrance of the flower
• (b) Depth of the root structure
• (c) Flowering pattern
• (d) Branching

Which type of fire protection is required for vapor explosion?

• (a) Fire hydrant system
• (b) Sprinkler system
• (c) Water mist fire protection systems
• (d) Portable fire extinguisher

The conservation approach emphasizing the retention of original materials and features of historic buildings and structures is

• (a) Adaptive reuse
• (b) Preservation
• (c) Restoration
• (d) Reconstruction

The following architectural element, often found in the Roman temples, features a raised platform accessed by a stairway is

• (a) Podium
• (b) Pediment
• (c) Cella
• (d) Pronaos

What is the term for the process of decentralizing power and decision-making authority from central governments to local governments?

• (a) Centralization
• (b) Devolution
• (c) Globalization
• (d) Federalization

What is the primary purpose of building performance simulation and evaluation?

• (a) To design aesthetically pleasing buildings
• (b) To optimize structural integrity
• (c) To assess and improve the occupant comfort and energy efficiency of buildings
• (d) To speed up construction processes

Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with the rapid growth of cities during the Industrial Revolution?

• (a) Technological advancements in transportation
• (b) Expansion of agricultural lands
• (c) Migration from rural areas to urban centres
• (d) Development of factories and industries

The primary purpose of modular coordination in building construction is

• (a) Minimize construction costs
• (b) Maximize structural strength
• (c) Ensure standardized dimensions
• (d) Improve project management

The primary goal of incorporating "Passive Solar Design" in eco-friendly housing is

• (a) Maximizing artificial lighting
• (b) Minimizing energy consumption through natural heating and cooling
• (c) Exclusively relying on active solar technologies
• (d) Ignoring climate considerations in design

The age of a tree is determined by

• (a) Counting the number of rings in the stem cross section
• (b) Measuring the height of the tree from the root ball
• (c) Counting the number of veins on the leaf
• (d) Measuring the canopy circumference of the tree

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

• (a) They produce oxygen
• (b) They break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients
• (c) They provide energy to producers
• (d) They regulate the temperature of the ecosystem

Which of the following is a potential consequence of NOT having urban land ceilings?

• (a) Equitable distribution of urban land
• (b) Increased land speculation and monopolization
• (c) Preservation of agricultural land
• (d) Decreased urban population density

The innovative technique used for the construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral is

• (a) Flying buttresses and ribbed vaults
• (b) Pointed arches and stained-glass windows
• (c) Double-shelled dome with an inner and outer layer
• (d) Extensive use of iron and steel framing

The term used to describe the science of human settlements, as coined by the Greek architect and planner Constantinos apostolou doxiadis is

• (a) Urbanology
• (b) Anthropogeography
• (c) Ekistics
• (d) Socio spatial studies

Taj Mahal is an example for which of the principles of visual composition?

• (a) Scale
• (b) Rhythm
• (c) Form
• (d) Symmetry

Which of the following is a key feature of green building design?

• (a) Excessive energy consumption
• (b) Traditional construction materials only
• (c) Ignoring indoor air quality
• (d) Efficient use of resources and energy

Which term is associated with the overall visual experience and impressions gathered while observing and analysing a space?

• (a) Imageability
• (b) Visual Survey
• (c) Wayfinding
• (d) Focal Point

In zoning, traffic zones are related to

• (a) Homogeneity of land use
• (b) Population of defined ranges
• (c) Traffic density
• (d) Both Homogeneity of land use and population of defined ranges

In architectural design, what does the term "Datum" typically refer to?

• (a) A horizontal line or plane used as a reference
• (b) The central point of interest in a composition
• (c) The interplay of light and shadow
• (d) The arrangement of colours within a space

How does the concept of "Garden Cities" aim to balance urban development and green spaces?

• (a) By prioritizing high-rise development
• (b) By dispersing residential areas without green spaces
• (c) By concentrating development while integrating ample green spaces
• (d) By ignoring the importance of urban planning

What is the primary purpose of valuation in construction?

• (a) Cost estimation
• (b) Property assessment
• (c) Quality control
• (d) Time scheduling