The World Wide Web From Its Origins Reading Answers

Nov 30, 2022

The World Wide Web From Its Origins Reading Answers has 13 questions which should be answered by the candidates in 20 minutes. Coral Reefs Reading Answers consists two types of questions, namely- no more than two words, and true/false/not given. The candidates must read the passage and understand the statement provided for deciding the option of true/false/not given. Not exceeding more than two words, candidates are required to answer based on a given cue. IELTS reading passage is essential for the candidates so that they can identify keywords, and recognize meanings to answer the question.

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Reading Passage Questions

'Information Management: A Proposal'. That was the bland title of a document written in March 1989 by a then little- known computer scientist called Tim Berners-Lee, who was working at CERN, Europe’s particle physics laboratory, near Geneva. His proposal, modestly called the World Wide Web, has achieved far more than anyone expected at the time.
In fact, the Web was invented to deal with a specific problem. In the late 1980s, CERN was planning one of the most ambitious scientific projects ever, the Large Hadron Collider*, or LHC. As the first few lines of the original proposal put it, 'Many of the discussions of the future at CERN and the LHC end with the question "Yes, but how will we ever keep track of such a large project?" This proposal provides an answer to such questions.
The Web, as everyone now knows, has many more uses than the original idea of linking electronic documents about particle physics in laboratories around the world. But among all the changes it has brought about, from personal social networks to political campaigning, it has also transformed the business of doing science itself, as the man who invented it hoped it would.
It allows journals to be published online and links to be made from one paper to another. It also permits professional scientists to recruit thousands of amateurs to give them a hand. One project of this type, called GalaxyZoo, used these unpaid workers to classify one million images of galaxies into various types (spiral, elliptical and irregular). This project, which was intended to help astronomers understand how galaxies evolve, was so successful that a successor has now been launched, to classify the brightest quarter of a million of them in finer detail. People working for a more modest project called Herbaria@home examine scanned images of handwritten notes about old plants stored in British museums. This will allow them to track the changes in the distribution of species in response to climate change.
Another new scientific application of the Web is to use it as an experimental laboratory. It is allowing social scientists, in particular, to do things that were previously impossible. In one project, scientists made observations about the sizes of human social networks using data from Facebook. A second investigation of these networks, produced by Bernardo Huberman of HP Labs, Hewlett-Packard's research arm in Pato Alto, California, looked at Twitter, a social networking website that allows people to post short messages to long lists of friends.
At first glance, the networks seemed enormous - the 300,000 Twitterers sampled had 80 friends each, on average (those on Facebook had 120), but some listed up to 1,000. Closer statistical inspection, however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends. This showed that an individual's active social network is far smaller than his 'clan'. Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all' phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very little.
Scientists have been good at using the Web to carry out research. However, they have not been so effective at employing the latest web-based social-networking tools to open up scientific discussion and encourage more effective collaboration. Journalists are now used to having their articles commented on by dozens of readers. Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these comments.
Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts. When Nature, one of the world's most respected scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing. Only 5% of the authors it spoke to agreed to have their article posted for review on the Web - and their instinct turned out to be right, because almost half of the papers attracted no comments. Michael Nielsen, an expert on quantum computers, belongs to a new wave of scientist bloggers who want to change this. He thinks the reason for the lack of comments is that potential reviewers lack incentive.

Solution and Explanation
Questions 1-6:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Q1. Tim Berners-Lee was famous for his research in physics before he invented the World Wide Web.

Answer: FALSE
Supporting Sentence: Tim Berners-Lee was a little-known computer scientist who worked at CERN, Europe's particle physics laboratory in Geneva.
Keywords: Tim Berners-Lee, physics laboratory, World Wide Web
Keyword Location: Paragraph 1, Lines 1-3
Explanation: Something by Tim Berners-Lee has been imposed in the paragraph of the passage. That was the dull caption of a document which was written in the year of 1989 and in the month of March, and he became popular for his proposal which was humbly inscripted the World Wide Web.

Tim Berners-Lee was popular for his proposal and worked at CERN, which has the Europe's particle physics facility.

Q2. The original intention of the Web was to help manage one highly complex project.

Answer: TRUE
Supporting Sentence: The Web has far more applications than the original concept of linking electronic documents about particle physics in laboratories worldwide.
Keywords: Web, CERN, Laboratories,
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2-3, Lines 5-10
Explanation: Lines 5-8 of paragraph-5, states about the creation of the web to clarify a definite purpose. In the late 1980s, CERN made one of the best enthusiastic achievements of the science, and this conditions are best to justify the problems.

So, the explanation implemented here targeting that the above statement is correct.

Q3. Tim Berners-Lee has also been active in politics.

Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: No relatable statement is given in the passage regarding this.

Q4. The Web has allowed professional and amateur scientists to work together.

Answer: TRUE
Supporting Sentence: It also allows professional scientists to enlist the help of thousands of individuals.
Keywords: Professional Scientists, Unpaid Workers, Galaxy Zoo.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 4, Lines 12-14
Explanation: Lines 12-14 of paragraph 4 explains the needs of the above question. In present situation, tens of unpaid volunteers can help the professional scientists. A same program like Galaxy Zoo have also used the workers thos who are unpaid. Therefore, the above statement is correct.

Q5. The second galaxy project aims to examine more galaxies than the first.

Answer: FALSE
Supporting Sentence: This research, which aimed to aid astronomers in understanding how galaxies form, was so successful that it initiated a follow-up to classify the brightest quarter of a million of them in greater detail.
Keywords: Astronomers, Galaxies, Successor, Million Images.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 4, Lines 14-16
Explanation: Lines 14-16 of paragraph 4 explains the needs of the questions. To understand the evolution of galaxies, one millions images were designed to help the astronomers. It launched a successor for analyzing the shining term of a million of images for it’s success.
According to the context, the above statement can be regarded as a wrong one.

Q6. Herbaria@home’s work will help to reduce the effects of climate change.

Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: No relatable statement is given in the passage regarding this.

Questions 7-10:
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Social networks and Internet use
Web used by Social scientists (including Dr Huberman) to investigate the 7 of social networks.
Most 8 intended for limited number of people - not everyone on list.
Dr Huberman has also investigated:

9 to discover how long people will spend on a particular website,
why a small number of sites get much more 10 than others on same subject.

Question 7:

Answer: sizes
Supporting Sentence: Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all' phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very little.
Keywords: Dr Huberman, web surfing, winner takes all'
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 5-8
Explanation: According the supporting sentence, an important role has been executed by Dr. Huberman to discover various rules for the purpose internet exploring. The number of times a mediocre person skips to various web domains is also a crucial factor for this.

Question 8:

Answer: messages
Supporting Sentence: Closer statistical inspection, however, revealed that the majority of the messages were directed at a few specific friends.
Keywords: statistical, inspection, messages
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 2-4
Explanation: Supporting proof states that communications are pointed at a people of certain group.

Question 9:

Answer: web surfing
Supporting Sentence: Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all' phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very little.
Keywords: Dr Huberman, web surfing, winner takes all'
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 5-8
Explanation: An important role in the field to discover the fundamental amount of time spent by an individual on exploring the internet has been played by Dr Huberman.

Question 10:

Answer: attention
Supporting Sentence: Dr Huberman has also helped uncover several laws of web surfing, including the number of times an average person will go from web page to web page on a given site before giving up, and the details of the 'winner takes all' phenomenon, whereby a few sites on a given subject attract most of the attention, and the rest get very little.
Keywords: Dr Huberman, web surfing, winner takes all'
Keyword Location: Paragraph 6, lines 5-8
Explanation: According to the explanation in the passage, a small number of websites are there to attracts the audience’s attention on a definite topic.

Questions 11-13:
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Q11. Whose writing improves as a result of feedback received from readers?

Answer: bloggers
Supporting Sentence: Indeed, many bloggers develop and refine their essays as a result of these comments.
Keywords: bloggers, essays, comments
Keyword Location: Paragraph 7, lines 4-5
Explanation: The bloggers enhance their style of writing which are feedback based is that which is mentioned in the above reading passage.

Q12. What type of writing is not reviewed extensively on the Web?

Answer: scientific research
Supporting Sentence: Yet although people have tried to have scientific research reviewed in the same way, most researchers only accept reviews from a few anonymous experts.
Keywords: scientific research, researchers, anonymous experts
Keyword Location: Paragraph 8, lines 1-2
Explanation: The snippet illustrates the divisions of writing, such as articles based on scientific research, which are not checked.

Q13. Which publication invited authors to publish their articles on the World Wide Web?

Answer: Nature
Supporting Sentence: When Nature, one of the world's most respected scientific journals, experimented with open peer review in 2006, the results were disappointing.
Keywords: Nature, scientific journals, peer review
Keyword Location: Paragraph 8, lines 2-4
Explanation: It is like crystal that authors were invited by Nature to publish their articles through online procedure.