The Origin of Writing Reading Answers

Mar 10, 2023

The Origin of Writing Reading Answers has 14 questions that are to be answered in 20 minutes. The IELTS topic The Origin of Writing Reading Answers deals with origin of writings. This IELTS reading topic has three kinds of questions. They are choosing the right answer, True, False, Not given and no more than three words. Candidates need to skim through the passage for the best answer. The Origin of Writing Reading Answers help students to prepare for IELTS exams. These sample answers will help the students with their IELTS exam skills and increase their ability to understand English passages. They can also refer to IELTS Reading practice papers.

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Section 1

Read the passage to answer the following questions

The Origin of Writing Reading Answers

Writing was first invented by the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia before 3,000 BC. It was also independently invented in Meso-America before 600 BC and probably independently invented in China before 1,300 BC. It may have been independently invented in Egypt around 3,000 BC although given the geographical proximity between Egypt and Mesopotamia the Egyptians may have learnt writing from the Sumerians.

There are three basic types of writing systems. The written signs used by the writing system could represent either a whole word, a syllable or an individual sound. Where the written sign represents a word the system is known as logographic as it uses logograms which are written signs that represent a word. The earliest writing systems such as the Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Mayan glyphs are predominantly logographics as are modem Chinese and Japanese writing systems. Where the written sign represents a syllable the writing system is known as syllabic. Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world than they are today. The Linear A and B writing systems of Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece are syllabic. The most common writing systems today are alphabetical. These involve the written sign (a letter) representing a single sound (known as a phoneme). The earliest known alphabetical systems were developed by speakers of semetic languages around 1700 BC in the area of modem day Israel and Palestine. All written languages will predominately use one or other of the above systems. They may however partly use the other systems. No written language is purely alphabetic, syllabic or logographic but may use elements from any or all systems.

Such fully developed writing only emerged after development from simplier systems. Talley sticks with notches on them to represent a number of sheep or to record a debt have been used in the past. Knotted strings have been used as a form of record keeping particularly in the area around the Pacific rim. They reached their greatest development with the Inca quipus where they were used to record payment of tribute and to record commercial transactions. A specially trained group of quipu makers and readers managed the whole system. The use of pictures for the purpose of communication was used by native Americans and by the Ashanti and Ewe people in Africa. Pictures can show qualities and characteristics which can not be shown by tally sticks and knot records. They do not however amount to writing as they do not bear a conventional relationship to language.

An alternative idea was that a system by which tokens, which represented objects like sheep, were placed in containers and the containers were marked on the outside indicating the number and type of tokens within the container gave rise to writing in Mesopotamia. The marks on the outside of the container were a direct symbolic representation of the tokens inside the container and an indirect symbolic representation of the object the token represented. The marks on the outside of the containers were graphically identical to some of the earliest pictograms used in Sumerian cuneiform, the worlds first written language. However cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs and the marks on the ouside of the containers can only explain the origins of a few of those signs.

The first written language was the Sumerian cuneiform. Writing mainly consisted of records of numbers of sheep, goats and cattle and quantites of grain. Eventually clay tablets were used as a writing surface and were marked with a reed stylus to produce the writing. Thousands of such clay tablets have been found in the Sumerian city of Uruk. The earliest Sumerian writing consists of pictures of the objects mentioned such as sheep or cattle. Eventually the pictures became more abstract and were to consist of straight lines that looked like wedges.

The earliest cuneiform was an accounting system consisting of pictograms representing commodities such as sheep and a number. The clay tablets found might for example simply state “ten sheep”. Such writing obviously has its limitations and would not be regarded as a complete writing system. A complete writing system only developed with the process of phonctization. This occurs when the symbol ceases to represent an object and begins to represent a spoken sound, which in early cuneiform would be a word. This process was assisted when the symbols which initally looked very like the object they represented gradually became more abstract and less clearly related to an object. However while the symbol became more closely connected to words, it was words dealing with objects, such as sheep, bird or pot. It was still not possible to write more abstract ideas such as father, running, speech or foreigner.

The solution to this problem was known as the rebus principle. Words with the same or similar pronuciation to an abstract word could be used to represent the abstract word. The sign for eye could be used to represent the word “I”. The sign for deer could represent the word “dear”. Which word is referred to by the picture is decided by an additional sign. Pictographs which originally represented a word began to represent the sound of the word. The rebus principle is used to represent abstract words in all word writing systems in Sumer, Egypt, China and in the Aztec and Mayan writing in central America.

The Rebus principle lead to cuneiform becoming a form of logo-syllabic writing consisting of both logograms and syllabic writing. The effect of the change from logographic to logo-syllabic writing was substantial. Logographic writing cannot produce normal prose and is resticted to nouns, numbers, names and adjectives. The vast majority of early Sumerian writing consisted of bureaucratic records of products received or products distributed. Only when syllabic writing was introduced into cuneiform did it become possible to write prose such as myths and royal propaganda.

The next major development in writing in the old world was the development of the alphabet. The alphabet was developed out of Egyptian hieroglyphs which contained 24 signs for 24 Egyptian consonants. About 1700 BC Semites who knew Egyptian hieroglyphs began making certain changes in their writing system. They put the letters in a particular sequence and gave them simple names to assist learning and ease of memory. They also dropped the logograms and other signs used in hieroglyphs and just kept the Egyptian consonants and resticted the signs to those for individual consonants. Finally, they introduced vowels into their alphabet. Alphabets were soon to spread over most of the world as they provide both flexibility and simplicity for a writing system.

Section 2

Solution and Explanation

Question 1-3

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1 – 3 on your answer sheet.

There are three types of writing systems. Logography utilizes written signs representing a 1………. Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world, as they adopt written sign symbolizing a 2…………… The most common alphabetical systems use a letter to represent a 3 ………………

Question 1

Answer: word
Supporting Sentence: Where the written sign represents a word the system is known as logographic as it uses logograms which are written signs that represent a word.
Keyword : logograms, logographic, word
Keyword Location: 2nd paragraph, 3rd sentence
Explanation: The author states that the written signs represent a word known as logograms. These are written signs that represent a word. This makes word the correct answer.

Question 2

Answer: syllable
Supporting Sentence: Where the written sign represents a syllable the writing system is known as syllabic.
Keyword : syllable, ancient
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, 5th sentence
Explanation: As per the author, Syllabic writing systems were more common in the ancient world than they are today. These written sign represents a syllable. This makes syllable the correct answer.

Question 3

Answer: single sound
Supporting Sentence: These involve the written sign (a letter) representing a single sound (known as a phoneme).
Keyword : single sound, representing
Keyword Location: 2nd paragraph, 9th sentence
Explanation: As per the author, a single letter represent a single sound known as phoneme. Hence the correct answer is single sound.

Question 4- 10

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

On your answer sheet please write

TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1

There is no language that adopts elements from only one writing system.

Answer: True
Supporting Sentence: All written languages will predominately use one or other of the above systems.
Keyword : languages, use, one or other
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, 3rd last sentence
Explanation: As per the author, no written language is purely alphabetic, syllabic or logographic but may use elements from any or all systems. They use any of the few mentioned written languages. This proves that there is no language that adapts elements from only one writing system.

Inca quipus used talley sticks to track payments and commercial transactions.

Answer: False
Supporting Sentence: They reached their greatest development with the Inca quipus where they were used to record payment of tribute and to record commercial transactions.
Keyword : Inca quips, record, payment
Keyword Location: 3rd paragraph, 4th sentence
Explanation: The passage states that Ica quips used to record payment of tribute. There is nothing mentioned about Tally. Knotted strings was used to record the transactions. Hence, the answer is False.

The marks on the outside of the containers originated from pictograms used in Sumerian cuneiform.

Answer: Not Given
Explanation: There is no information in the passage regarding this. Hence, the answer is Not Given.

The first written language was created to document the quantities and types of livestock and food.

Answer: True
Supporting Sentence: An alternative idea was that a system by which tokens, which represented objects like sheep, were placed in containers and the containers were marked on the outside indicating the number and type
of tokens within the container gave rise to writing in Mesopotamia.
Keyword : idea, represent, objects, sheep
Keyword Location: 4th paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The author states that the idea was to create a system by which foodstocks and animals can be marked. The author states that a type of token can be created to keep the count. Hence, the answer is True.

Cuneiform could not express abstract concepts at all.

Answer: False
Supporting Sentence: However cuneiform has approximately 1,500 signs and the marks on the ouside of the containers can only explain the origins of a few of those signs.
Keyword : cuneiform, explain the origins
Keyword Location: 4th paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: The author states that cuneiform has 1500 signs and it can explain only few of those signs.this proves that it cannot express abstract concepts at all.

Affected by the rebus principle, cuneiform combined the elements of both logograms and syllabic writing.

Answer: True
Supporting Sentence: The Rebus principle lead to cuneiform becoming a form of logo-syllabic writing consisting of both logograms and syllabic writing.
Keyword : both, logograms,
Keyword Location: 6th paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: The author directly states that the Rebus principle lead to cuneiform. This consisted of both logograms and syllabic writing. Hence, the answer is True.

Most countries adopt alphabetical writing systems due to their flexibility and simplicity.

Answer: Not Given
Explanation: There is no information in the passage regarding this. Hence, the answer is Not Given.

Question 11 – 14

Use the information in the passage to match the options (listed A – E) with statements (listed 11-14) below.

Write the appropriate letter (A – E) in boxes 11 – 14 on your answer sheet.

NB Some options may match more than one statement.

Egyptians
Native Americans
Semites
Chinese
Sumerians

11………..developed the alphabet from Egyptian hieroglyphs. 12………..used pictures for the purpose of communication. 13………..invented a written language which consisted of signs looked like wedges. 14………..might have independently invented writing 5,000 years ago.

Question 11

Answer: C
Supporting Sentence: About 1700 BC Semites who knew Egyptian hieroglyphs began making certain changes in their writing system.
Keyword : Egyptian, hieroglyphs
Keyword Location: Last paragraph, 3rd sentence
Explanation: As per the last paragraph, Semites knew Egyptian hieroglyphs. They began to make certain changes. This made them develop alphabet from Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Question 12

Answer: B
Supporting Sentence: The use of pictures for the purpose of communication was used by native Americans and by the Ashanti and Ewe people in Africa.
Keyword : Americans, pictures
Keyword Location: 3rd paragraph, 3rd last sentence
Explanation: As per the passage, native Americans used pictures for the purpose of communication. Hence, B is the correct answer.

Question 13

Answer: E
Supporting Sentence: Eventually the pictures became more abstract and were to consist of straight lines that looked like wedges.
Keyword : abstract, wedges,
Keyword Location: 5th paragraph, 5th sentence
Explanation: As per the author, the earliest Sumerian writing consists of pictures of the objects mentioned such as sheep or cattle. Slowly these pictures became more abstract which consisted of straight lines and wedges.

Question 14

Answer: A
Supporting Sentence: It may have been independently invented in Egypt around 3,000 BC although given the geographical proximity between Egypt and Mesopotamia the Egyptians may have learnt writing from the Sumerians.
Keyword : Egyptians, indipendently
Keyword Location: 1st paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: The supporting sentence clearly states that Egyptians may have been independently invented in Egypt around 3,000 BC. This means it was almost 5000 years back.