The History Of The Poster Reading Answers
The History Of The Poster Reading Answers 14 questions that have to be answered in 20 minutes. The History Of The Poster Reading Answers comprises question types, namely- no more than three words, and true/false/not given. For true/false/not given, candidates must read the passage and understand the statement provided. In no more than three words, candidates are required to answer based on a given cue. The answer should not cross the mentioned three words limit. Candidates must read the IELTS reading passage, identify keywords, and recognize synonyms to answer the question.
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
The History Of The Poster Reading Answers
- The first posters were known as ‘broadsides’ and were used for public and commercial announcements. Printed on one side only using metal type, they were quickly and crudely produced in large quantities. As they were meant to be read at a distance, they required large lettering.
- There were a number of negative aspects of large metal type. It was expensive, required a large amount of storage space and was extremely heavy. If a printer did have a collection of large metal type, it was likely that there were not enough letters. So printers did their best by mixing and matching styles.
- Commercial pressure for large type was answered with the invention of a system for wood type production. In 1827, Darius Wells invented a special wood drill - the lateral router - capable of cutting letters on wood blocks. The router was used in combination with William Leavenworth’s pantograpn (1834) to create decorative wooden letters of all shapes and sizes. The first posters began to appear, but they had little colour and design; often wooden type was mixed with metal type in a conglomeration of styles.
- A major development in poster design was the application of lithography, invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796, which allowed artists to hand-draw letters, opening the field of type design to endless styles. The method involved drawing with a greasy crayon onto finely surfaced Bavarian limestone and offsetting that image onto paper. This direct process captured the artist's true intention; however, the final printed image was in reverse. The images and lettering needed to be drawn backwards, often reflected in a mirror or traced on transfer paper.
- As a result of this technical difficulty, the invention of the lithographic process had little impact on posters until the 1860s, when Jules Cheret came up with his ‘three-stone lithographic process’. This gave artists the opportunity to experiment with a wide spectrum of colours.
- Although the process was difficult, the result was remarkable, with nuances of colour impossible in other media even to this day. The ability to mix words and images in such an attractive and economical format finally made the lithographic poster a powerful innovation.
- Starting in the 1870s, posters became the main vehicle for advertising prior to the magazine era and the dominant means of mass communication in the rapidly growing cities of Europe and America. Yet in the streets of Paris, Milan and Berlin, these artistic prints were so popular that they were stolen off walls almost as soon as they were hung. Cheret, later known as ‘the father of the modern poster’, organised the first exhibition of posters in 1884 and two years later published the first book on poster art. He quickly took advantage of the public interest by arranging for artists to create posters, at a reduced size, that were suitable for in-home display.
- Thanks to Cheret. the poster slowly took hold in other countries in the 1890s and came to celebrate each society’s unique cultural institutions: the cafe in France, the opera and fashion in Italy, festivals in Spain, literature in Holland and trade fairs in Germany. The first poster shows were held in Great
- Britain and Italy in 1894, Germany in 1896 and Russia in 1897. The most important poster show ever, to many observers, was held in Reims, France, in 1896 and featured an unbelievable 1,690 posters arranged by country.
- In the early 20th century, the poster continued to play a large communication role and to go through a range of styles. By the 1950s, however, it had begun to share the spotlight with other media, mainly radio and print. By this time, most posters were printed using the mass production technique of photo offset, which resulted in the familiar dot pattern seen in newspapers and magazines. In addition, the use of photography in posters, begun in Russia in the twenties, started to become as common as illustration.
- In the late fifties, a new graphic style that had strong reliance on typographic elements in black and white appeared. The new style came to be known as the International Typographic Style. It made use of a mathematical grid, strict graphic rules and black-and-white photography to provide a clear and logical structure. It became the predominant style in the world in the 1970s and continues to exert its influence today.
- It was perfectly suited to the increasingly international post-war marketplace, where there was a strong demand for clarity. This meant that the accessibility of words and symbols had to be taken into account. Corporations wanted international identification, and events such as the Olympics called for universal solutions, which the Typographic Style could provide.
- However, the International Typographic Style began to lose its energy in the late 1970s. Many criticised it for being cold, formal and dogmatic.
- A young teacher in Basel. Wolfgang Weingart, experimented with the offset printing process to produce posters that appeared complex and chaotic, playful and spontaneous - all in stark contrast to what had gone before. Weingart's liberation of typography was an important foundation for several new styles. These ranged from Memphis and Retro to the advances now being made in computer graphics.
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Section 2
Solution and Explanation
Questions 1-5:
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Question 1:
Answer: storage space
Supporting statement: There were a number of negative aspects of large metal type. It was expensive, required a large amount of storage space and was extremely heavy
Keyword: large, metal, heavy, storage, space
Keyword location: 2nd paragraph, 2nd sentence
Explanation: Metal type has a large structure. It is very heavy and requires large storage space.
Question 2:
Answer: invention
Supporting statement: Commercial pressure for large type was answered with the invention of a system for wood type production. In 1827, Darius Wells invented a special wood drill - the lateral router - capable of cutting letters on wood blocks
Keyword: invention, system, wood type, Darius, drill
Keyword location: 3rd paragraph, 1st line
Explanation: Darius invented a wood drill which was very useful in cutting letters on wood blocks.
Question 3:
Answer: colour and design
Supporting statement: The first posters began to appear, but they had little colour and design; often wooden type was mixed with metal type in a conglomeration of styles.
Keyword: colour, design, little, wooden type
Keyword location: 3rd paragraph, 3rd sentence
Explanation: wooden type posters lack colours and designs.
Question 4:
Answer: greasy crayon
Supporting statement: The method involved drawing with a greasy crayon onto finely surfaced Bavarian limestone and offsetting that image onto paper.
Keyword: Drawing, greasy, crayon, image
Keyword location: 4th paragraph, 2nd line
Explanation: Lithography involves drawing with greasy crayon which helps to make images on paper.
Question 5:
Answer: transfer paper
Supporting statement: The images and lettering needed to be drawn backwards, often reflected in a mirror or traced on transfer paper.
Keyword: images, drawn, mirror, transfer paper
Keyword location: 4th paragraph, last line
Explanation: It is very hard to create a lithographic poster because it needs to be reflected on a transfer paper.
Questions 6-9:
Complete the flow chart below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Question 6:
Answer: words and images
Supporting statement: The ability to mix words and images in such an attractive and economical format finally made the lithographic poster a powerful innovation
Keyword: words, images, poster, lithographic
Keyword location: 6th paragraph, 2nd sentence
Explanation: In paragraph 6, it is clearly stated that the ability to mix the words and images made the lithographic poster more attractive. Thus, the process of creating posters became more powerful.
Question 7:
Answer: mass communication
Supporting statement: Starting in the 1870s, posters became the main vehicle for advertising prior to the magazine era and the dominant means of mass communication in the rapidly growing cities of Europe and America.
Keyword: advertising, Europe, magazine, mass communication
Keyword location: 7th paragraph, 1st sentence
Explanation: Posters became the main vehicle for advertising. It also helps to grow mass communication in Europe and America.
Question 8:
Answer: exhibition
Supporting statement: Cheret, later known as ‘the father of the modern poster’, organised the first exhibition of posters in 1884 and two years later published the first book on poster art
Keyword: Cheret, poster, exhibition, 1884
Keyword location: 7th paragraph, 2nd sentence
Explanation: Cheret was known as ‘the father of modern poster’, who was the first organizer of the poster exhibition.
Question 9:
Answer: unique cultural institutions
Supporting statement:The poster slowly took hold in other countries in the 1890s and came to celebrate each society’s unique cultural institutions: the café in France, the opera and fashion in Italy, festivals in Spain, literature in Holland and trade fairs in Germany.
Keyword: poster, unique, culture, countries
Keyword location: 8th paragraph, 2nd sentence
Explanation: In the 1890s posters became the medium of celebrating the unique culture of different countries.
Questions 10-13:
Do the following statements agree with the information in the reading passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Q10. By the 1950s. photographs were more widely seen than artists’ illustrations on posters.
Answer: FALSE
Supporting statement: By this time, most posters were printed using the mass production technique of photo offset, which resulted in the familiar dot pattern seen in newspapers and magazines. In addition, the use of photography in posters, begun in Russia in the twenties, started to become as common as illustration.
Keyword: photo, illustration, twenties, poster
Keyword location: 10th paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: Artist’s illustration was more popular than photographs. Thus, the given statement is false.
Q11. Features of the Typographic Style can be seen in modern-day posters.
Answer: TRUE
Supporting statement: It became the predominant style in the world in the 1970s and continues to exert its influence today.
Keyword: style, today
Keyword location: 11th paragraph, last sentence
Explanation: In paragraph 11, it is clearly stated that typography style was predominant in posters, and it influenced the poster still today. Thus, the given statement is true
Q12. The Typographic Style met a global need at a particular time in history.
Answer: TRUE
Supporting statement: In the late fifties, a new graphic style that had strong reliance on typographic elements in black and white appeared. The new style came to be known as the International Typographic Style.
Keyword: fifties, typographic elements, international
Keyword location: 11th paragraph, 1st line
Explanation: in the late fifties typographic elements came to be known as a new style. It became the international style and at the same time it became very popular. Thus, the given statement is true.
Q13. Weingart got many of his ideas from his students in Basel.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: There’s no relevant information provided in the reading passage.
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