The Gap of Ingenuity 2 Reading Answers
The Gap of Ingenuity 2 Reading Answers contains 13 questions that need to be answered in 20 minutes. The gap of ingenuity 2 IELTS reading consists of three types of questions including- identifying true statements, sentence completion, and choosing the correct answer. Candidates need to skim the passage for keywords, understand the concept, and answer based on the given instructions. For sentence completion, candidates must read the IELTS reading passage, identify keywords, and recognize synonyms to answer the question. For choosing the correct answer, candidates must go through the passage and re-read the given options.
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
The Gap of Ingenuity 2 Reading Answers
- Ingenuity, as I define it here, consists not only of ideas for new technologies like computer or drought-resistant crops but, more fundamentally, of ideas for better institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and competent governments.
- How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society requires depends on a range of factors, including the society’s goals and the circumstances within which it must achieve those goals – – whether it has a young population or an aging one, an abundance of natural resources or a scarcity of them, an easy climate or a punishing one, whatever the case may be.
- How much and what kinds of ingenuity a society supplies also depends on many factors, such as the nature of human inventiveness and understanding, the rewards an economy gives to the producers of useful knowledge, and the strength of political opposition to social and institutional reforms.
- A good supply of the right kind of ingenuity is essential, but it isn’t, of course, enough by itself. We know that the creation of wealth, for example, depends not only on an adequate supply of useful ideas but also on the availability of other, more conventional factors of production, like capital and labor. Similarly, prosperity, stability and justice usually depend on the resolution, or at least the containment, of major political struggles over wealth and power. Yet within our economies ingenuity often supplants labor, and growth in the stock of physical plant is usually accompanied by growth in the stock of ingenuity. And in our political systems, we need great ingenuity to set up institutions that successfully manage struggles over wealth and power. Clearly, our economic and -political processes are intimately entangled with the production and use of ingenuity.
- The past century’s countless incremental changes in our societies around the planet, in our technologies and our interactions with our surrounding natural environments have accumulated to create a qualitatively new world. Because these changes have accumulated slowly, it’s often hard for us to recognize how profound and sweeping they’re. They include far larger and denser populations; much higher per capita consumption of natural resources; and far better and more widely available technologies for the movement of people, materials, and especially information.
- In combination, these changes have sharply increased the density, intensity, and pace of our interactions with each other; they have greatly increased the burden we place on our natural environment; and they have helped shift power from national and international institutions to individuals and subgroups, such as political special interests and ethnic factions.
- As a result, people in all walks of life—from our political and business leaders to all of us in our day-to-day— —must cope with much more complex, urgent, and often unpredictable circumstances. The management of our relationship with this new world requires immense and ever-increasing amounts of social and technical ingenuity. As we strive to maintain or increase our prosperity and improve the quality of our lives, we must make far more sophisticated decisions, and in less time, than ever before.
- When we enhance the performance of any system, from our cars to the planers network of financial institutions, we tend to make it more complex. Many of the natural systems critical to our well-being, like the global climate and the oceans, are extraordinarily complex to begin with. We often can’t predict or manage the behavior of complex systems with much precision, because they are often very sensitive to the smallest of changes and perturbations, and their behavior can flip from one mode to another suddenly and dramatically. In general, as the human-made and natural systems we depend upon become more complex, and as our demands on them increase, the institutions and technologies we use to manage them must become more complex too, which further boosts our need for ingenuity.
- The good news, though, is that the last century’s stunning changes in our societies and technologies have not just increased our need for ingenuity; they have also produced a huge increase in its supply. The growth and urbanization of human populations have combined with astonishing new communication and transportation technologies to expand interactions among people and produce larger, more integrated, and more efficient markets. These changes have, in turn, vastly accelerated the generation and delivery of useful ideas.
- But—and this is the critical “but” we should not jump to the conclusion that the supply of ingenuity always Increases in lockstep with our ingenuity requirement: while it’s true that necessity is often the mother of invention, we can’t always rely on the right kind of ingenuity appearing when and where we need it. In many cases, the complexity and speed of operation of today’s vital economic, social, arid ecological systems exceed the human brain s grasp. Very few of us have more than a rudimentary understanding of how these systems work. They remain fraught with countless “unknown unknowns, which makes it hard to supply the ingenuity we need to solve problems associated with these systems.
- In this book, explore a wide range of other factors that will limit our ability to supply the ingenuity required in the coming century. For example, many people believe that new communication technologies strengthen democracy and will make it easier to find solutions to our societies, collective problems, but the story is less clear than it seems. The crush of information in our everyday lives is shortening our attention span, limiting the time we have to reflect on critical matters of public policy, and making policy arguments more superficial.
- Modem markets and science are an important part of the story of how we supply ingenuity. Markets are critically important, because they give entrepreneurs an incentive to produce knowledge. As for science, although it seems to face no theoretical limits, at least in the foreseeable future, practical constraints often slow its progress. The cost of scientific research tends to increase as it delves deeper into nature. And science’s rate of advance depends on the characteristic of the natural phenomena it investigates, simply because some phenomena are intrinsically harder to understand than others, so the production of useful new knowledge in these areas can be very slow. Consequently, there is often a critical time lag between the recognition between a problem and the delivery of sufficient ingenuity,, in the form of technologies, to solve that problem. Progress in the social sciences is especially slow, for reasons we don’t yet understand; but we desperately need better social scientific knowledge to build the sophisticated institutions today’s world demands
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Section 2
Solution With Explanation
Questions 1-4:
Complete each sentence with the correct answer among A, B, C, or D.
Write the correct answer in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
- Definition of ingenuity
- The requirement for ingenuity
- The creation of social wealth
- The stability of society
- depends on many factors including climate.
- depends on the management and solution of disputes.
- is not only of technological advance, but more of institutional renovation.
- also depends on the availability of some traditional resources.
Question 1.
Answer: C
Supporting sentence: The definition of Ingenuity is not only dependent on ideas to discover new technologies like a computer or drought-resistant crops but, more accurately, the ideas to build better institutions and social arrangements, like competent government or efficient markets.
Keywords: Ingenuity, new technologies
Keyword location: Paragraph A, 1st line
Explanation: Paragraph A explains that the Ingenuity comprises better ideas for institutions and social arrangements, like efficient markets and competent governments.
Question 2.
Answer: A
Supporting sentence: The requirement of different types of ingenuity depends on various factors, like the society’s goals and the circumstances within which those goals must be achieved, irrespective of young population or aging one, an easy climate or a tough one, whatever the scenario it is.
Keywords: requirement, factors
Keyword location: Paragraph B, 1st line
Explanation: In paragraph B it is mentioned that the demands of the society depends on several factors.
Question 3.
Answer: D
Supporting sentence: The creation of wealth not only just depends upon an adequate supply of some great ideas but also on the availability of other factors of production which are more conventional like capital and labor.
Keywords: creation, wealth.
Keyword location: Paragraph D, 2nd line
Explanation: Paragraph D states that how essential is a good supply of the right kind of ingenuity.
Question 4.
Answer: B
Supporting sentence: Likely, prosperity, stability, and justice also usually depend on the analysis or at least the appeasement of major political issues over wealth and power.
Keywords: stability.
Keyword location: Paragraph D, 3rd line.
Explanation: The author states in paragraph D that the stability, prosperity and justice depends on at least one of the major political issues over wealth and power.
Questions 5-7:
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 5-7 in your answer sheet.
Question 5. What does the author say about the incremental change of the last 100 years?
- It has become a hot scholastic discussion among environmentalists.
- Its significance is often not noticed.
- It has reshaped the natural environments we live in.
- It benefited a much larger population than ever.
Answer: B
Supporting sentence: In the last 100 years, the countless changes in our societies, our technologies, and more importantly our interaction with the environment of our surrounding nature have developed to create a qualitatively new world. As these changes have developed very slowly, it is often difficult for us to recognize how rooted and widespread they are
Keywords: last century, incremental changes
Keyword location: Paragraph E, 1st line
Explanation: the reason is clear in the line ” As these changes have developed very slowly, it is often difficult for us to recognize how rooted and widespread they are ”. so option B should be right.
Question 6.The combination of changes has made life:
- easier
- faster
- slower
- less sophisticated
Answer: B
Supporting sentence: The combination of these changes has exponentially increased the density, intensity, and speed of our interaction with each other.
Keywords: Pace, Combination.
Keyword location: Paragraph F, 1st line
Explanation: the speed of our life mainly depends on interaction with each other. As the author says these combinations of changes increase the speed of our interaction which means our speed of life has also increased. So option B must be right.
Question 7. What does the author say about the natural systems?
- New technologies are being developed to predict change with precision.
- Natural systems are often more sophisticated than other systems.
- Minor alterations may cause natural systems to change dramatically.
- Technological developments have rendered human beings more independent of natural systems.
Answer: A
Supporting sentence: There are so many natural systems that are critical for our well-being, like the oceans or the global climate, these are extremely complex systems, to begin with. It becomes very hard for us to predict or manage the behavior of these complex systems with much precision.
Keywords: Natural System, predict.
Keyword location: Paragraph H, 2nd line
Explanation: As the author says, It becomes very hard for us to predict or manage the behavior of these complex systems with much precision, indirectly that means we need new technology to do these things. So option A should be right.
Questions 8-14:
Write down the following statements if you agree with the information given in Passage 3?
In boxes for questions 34 -40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if it is a true statement
NO if it is a false statement
NOT GIVEN if the passage doesn't contain the information
Question 8. The demand for ingenuity has been growing during the past 100 years.
Answer: YES
Supporting sentence: Though here is the good news, in the last centuries stunning incremental changes in our societies, environments, and technologies have not only just increased our need for ingenuity but also increased its production
Keywords: century, incremental changes
Keyword location: Paragraph I, 1st line
Explanation: It is clear from the line “Though here is the good news, in the last centuries stunning incremental changes in our societies, environments, and technologies have not only just increased our need for ingenuity but also increased its production”. So YES should be its answer.
Question 9. The ingenuity we have may be inappropriate for solving problems at hand.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: There is no such information available in the passages.
Question 10. There are very few who can understand the complex systems of the present world.
Answer: YES
Supporting sentence: The complexity and speed of operation in today’s different sectors like ecological, social, and economic systems have exceeded the human brain’s power. Only very few of us have the power to understand how these systems and their operations work.
Keywords: System, complexity, understanding.
Keyword location: Paragraph J 2nd line.
Explanation: Only very few of us have the power to understand how these systems and their operations work. Hence the answer is YES
Question 11. More information will help us to make better decisions.
Answer NO
Supporting sentence: the crush of information in our daily life is resulting in shortening our attention span, also puts some limits on our time to reflect on critical public policy matters, and also makes policy arguments more superficial.
Keywords: Information
Keyword location: Paragraph K, 3rd line
Explanation: the crush of information in our daily life is resulting in shortening our attention span means that the statement is false.
Question 12. The next generation will blame the current government for their conduct.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Explanation: There is no such information given in the passages.
Question 13. Science tends to develop faster in certain areas than others.
Answer: YES
Supporting sentence: the advanced science rate has a dependency on the characteristics of the natural phenomena that investigates, as some phenomena are comparatively harder to understand than others so the generation of new useful knowledge is very slow in these areas.
Keywords: science’s rate, knowledge.
Keyword location: Paragraph L, 5th line.
Explanation: as some phenomena are comparatively harder to understand than others so the generation of new useful knowledge is very slow in these areas. This line indicates that the above statement is true.
Question 14. Social science develops especially slowly because it is not as important as natural science.
Answer: NO
Supporting sentence: Social science progression is especially slow, for the reasons we can not yet understand, but to understand that we really need better social scientific knowledge to build the innovative institutions that today’s world demands.
Keywords: Scientific knowledge, social science, progress.
Keyword location: Paragraph L, last line
Explanation: Social science progression is especially slow, for the reasons we can not yet understand, but to understand that we really need better social scientific knowledge to build innovative institutions that today’s world demands this line in the passage denotes that the above-mentioned statement is false.
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