The Little Ice Age Reading Answers

Dec 13, 2022

The Little Ice Age Reading Answers 13 questions that have to be answered in 20 minutes. The Little Ice Age Reading Answers comprises question types, namely- matching the paragraph, and completing the summary. For matching the paragraph, candidates must read the passage and understand the statement provided. In completing the summary, candidates are required to answer based on a given cue. They are required to choose from multiple options. Candidates must read the IELTS reading passage, identify keywords, and recognize synonyms to answer the question. Candidates need to go through the passage and remember the important points. The Little Ice Age Reading Answers IELTS reading passage is from IELTS Academic Reading: Cambridge 8, Test 2. This will help them answer questions accordingly. Candidates get a wide range of topics in IELTS reading practice papers.

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Section 1

Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions

The Little Ice Age Reading Answers

This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather - as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life, and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease, and suffering was often high.
The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climactic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shapes the modern world. They are a deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heatwaves.
Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries and some of how people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored the northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.
It is known that the Little lce Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and the North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.
Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers’ axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent

Section 2

Solution and Explanation
Questions 1-4
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

Paragraph B
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
Paragraph F

List of Headings

Predicting climatic changes
The relevance of the Little Ice Age today
How cities contribute to climate change
Human impact on the climate
How past climatic conditions can be determined
A growing need for weather records
A study covering a thousand years
People have always responded to climate change
Enough food at last

(Guide: In this type of IELTS Reading question you need to match the headings with appropriate paragraphs. For this, you need to understand the content of the paragraphs and the difference between the main and supporting ideas.

Tip: The answers are scattered inside the passage. Read the headings and the answer numbers carefully. There are usually more headings than required. )

Question 1:

Answer 1: II

Supporting Sentence: pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climactic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shapes the modern world. They are a deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming.
Keywords: ice, climactic event, global warming

Keyword Location: Para B, lines 4-5
Explanation: The climactic events of the Little IceAge did more than help shape the modern world. They are a deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming.

Question 2:

Answer 2: VII

Supporting Sentence: This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries and some of how people in Europe adapted to them.
Keywords: climatic, ten centuries

Keyword Location: Para D, line 1
Explanation: This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries and some of how people in Europe adapted to them.

Question 3:

Answer 3: IX

Supporting Sentence: The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.

Keywords: farmland, grain and livestock, famine
Keyword Location: Para E, last 2 lines
Explanation: The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.

Question 4:

Answer 4: IV
Supporting Sentence: methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming.

Keywords: atmosphere, carbondioxide, triggering

Keyword Location: Para F, lines 4-5, lines 7-9
Explanation: The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.

Questions 5-9:

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below. Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.

Documentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of conditions in the distant past are 5..… and 6..... . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of Calais rather than consistent freezing. Within it, there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 8..... and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 9..... with no rain at all.

climatic shifts
ice cores
tree rings
glaciers
interactions
weather observations
heat waves
storms
wrote accounts

(Guide: In summary completion IELTS Reading question type you need to fill up the blanks with appropriate words. This requires you to scan the passage for specific information, understanding the main and supporting ideas, and choosing appropriate words.

Tip: The answers are usually found in order. You will need to choose the words keeping the paragraph grammatically correct. Locate the necessary information and check how many words can be used to fill up the gap. )

Question 5:

Answer 5: B
Supporting Sentence: tree rings

Keywords: tree rings

Keyword Location: Para C, lines 3-4
Explanation: For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere.

Question 6:

Answer 6: C

Supporting Sentence: India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts.

Keywords: India, tropical Africa, proxy records
Keyword Location: Para C, lines 3-4
Explanation: For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere.

Question 7:

Answer 7: A

Supporting Sentence: This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries and some of how people in Europe adapted to them.

Keywords: narrative, climatic shifts, ten centuries
Keyword Location: Para B, lines 5-6
Explanation: The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean.

Question 8:

Answer 8: H

Supporting Sentence: Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic.
Keyword Location: Para B, lines 9-10
Keyword: storms
Explanation: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heatwaves.

Question 9:

Answer 9: G

Supporting Sentence: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heatwaves.
Keywords: seesaw, heatwaves, droughts

Keyword Location: Para B, last line
Explanation: Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heatwaves.

Questions 10-13:

Classify the following events as occurring during the:

Medieval warm period
Little ice age
Modern warm period

Write the correct answer out of A-C, in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.

Many Europeans started farming abroad.
The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.
Europeans discovered other lands.
Changes took place in fishing patterns.

(Guide: To answer the ‘classify events into periods’ IELTS Reading questions you will need to scan and skim the passage for specific information. You need to understand and relate different ideas to each other.

Tip: Read the options carefully. Understand how the events are related. )

Question 10:

Answer 10: C

Supporting Sentence: the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight
Keywords: Modern Warm Period, migration, land-hungry

Keyword Location: Para F, lines 2-6
Explanation: There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers’ axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world.

Question 11:

Answer 11: C
Supporting Sentence: North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers’ axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming

Keywords: hectares, newcomers

Keyword Location: Para F, lines 6-7
Explanation: The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming.

Question 12:

Answer 12: A

Supporting Sentence: roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored the northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America.

Keywords: 900 to 1200, Norse voyagers, Greenland.
Keyword Location: Para D, lines 2-4

Explanation: Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored the northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature.

Question 13:

Answer 13: B

Supporting Sentence: the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore.

Keywords: European, fish trade, fishing fleets
Keyword Location: Para E, lines 8-10
Explanation: Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore.

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