Food Advertising On Children Reading Answers
Food Advertising On Children Reading Answers 13 questions that have to be answered in 20 minutes. Food Advertising On Children Reading Answers comprises two types of questions, namely- matching the paragraph, and true/false/not given. For true/false/not given, candidates must read the passage and understand the statement provided. For matching the paragraph, candidates need to skim the passage for keywords, understand the concept and choose the appropriate answer. Candidates must read the IELTS reading passage, identify keywords, and recognize synonyms to answer the question.
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
Food Advertising On Children Reading Answers
- Children’s food promotion is dominated by television advertising, and the great majority of this promotes the so-called ‘Big Four’ of pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft drinks, confectionery and savoury snacks. In the last ten years advertising for fast food, outlets have rapidly increased. There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications combining television with merchandising, ‘tie-ins’ and point of sale activity. The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, and themes of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support.
- There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether this actually influences them is a complex problem. The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food behaviour (both buying and eating), and their health outcomes (eg. Obesity or cholesterol levels). The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge. For example, seeing soft drink and cereal adverts reduced primary aged children’s ability to determine correctly whether or not certain products contained real fruit.
- The review also found evidence that food promotion influences children’s food preferences and purchase behaviour. A study of primary school children, for instance, found that exposure to advertising influenced which foods they claimed to like; and another showed that labelling and signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils. A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat. One, for example, showed that advertising influenced a primary class’s choice of daily snack at playtime.
- The next step, of trying to establish whether or not a link exists between food promotion and diet or obesity, is extremely difficult as it requires research to be done in real-world settings. A number of studies have attempted this by using the amount of television viewing as a proxy for exposure to television advertising. They have established a clear link between television viewing and diet, obesity, and cholesterol levels. It is impossible to say, however, whether this effect is caused by the advertising, the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing. One study resolved this problem by taking a detailed diary of children’s viewing habits. This showed that the more food adverts they saw, the more snacks and calories they consumed.
- Thus the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet in a number of ways. This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable. Nor do all studies point to this conclusion; several have not found an effect. In addition, very few studies have attempted to measure how strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices. Nonetheless, many studies have found clear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to determine that i) these effects are not just due to chance; ii) they are independent of other factors that influence diets, such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; and iii) they occur at a brand and category level.
- Furthermore, two factors suggest that these findings actually downplay the effect that food promotion has on children. First, the literature focuses principally on television advertising; the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely to be significantly greater. Second, the studies have looked at the direct effects of individual children, and understate indirect influences. For example, promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child but also encourage parents to take them for meals and reinforce the idea that this is normal and desirable behaviour.
- This does not amount to proof of an effect, but in our view does provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an effect exists. The debate should now shift to what action is needed, and specifically to how the power of commercial marketing can be used to bring about improvements in young people’s eating.
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Section 2
Solution and Explanation
Questions 1-7:
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
- General points of agreements and disagreements of researchers
- How much children really know about food
- Need to take action
- Advertising effects of the “Big Four”
- Connection of advertising and children’s weight problems
- Evidence that advertising affects what children buy to eat
- How parents influence children’s eating habits
- Advertising’s focus on unhealthy options
- Children often buy what they want
- Underestimating the effects advertising has on children
Q1. Paragraph A
Answer: Advertising’s focus on unhealthy options
Supporting Sentence: Television advertising, and the great majority of this promotes the so-called ‘Big Four’ of pre-sugary breakfast cereals, soft drinks, confectionery and savoury snacks.
Keyword: communications, combining
Keyword Location: Paragraph A
Explanation: There is some evidence that the dominance of television has recently begun to wane. The importance of strong, global branding reinforces a need for multi-faceted communications. These can be combining television with merchandising, ‘tie-ins’ and point of sale activity.
Q2. Paragraph B
Answer: How much children really know about food
Supporting Sentence:The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food, their food preferences, their actual food behavior (both buying and eating), and their health outcomes (e.g., obesity or cholesterol levels).
Keyword: promotion, forms
Keyword Location: Paragraph B
Explanation: In paragraph B. The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion.
Q3. Paragraph C
Answer: Evidence that advertising affects what children buy to eat
Supporting Sentence: A number of studies have also shown that food advertising can influence what children eat. One, for example, showed that advertising influenced a primary class’s choice of daily snack at playtime.
Keyword: labelling, signage
Keyword Location: Paragraph C
Explanation: A study of primary school children, for instance, found that exposure to advertising influenced which foods they claimed to like. On the other hand, another showed that labelling and signage on a vending machine had an effect on what was bought by secondary school pupils.
Q4. Paragraph D
Answer: Connection of advertising and children’s weight problems
Supporting Sentence: They have established a clear link between television viewing and diet, obesity, and cholesterol levels. It is impossible to say, however, whether this effect is caused by the advertising, the sedentary nature of television viewing or snacking that might take place whilst viewing.
Keyword: extremely, difficult
Keyword Location: Paragraph D
Explanation: In paragraph D, the author mentioned trying to establish whether or not a link exists between food promotion and diet or obesity. It is extremely difficult as it requires research to be done in real-world settings.
Q5. Paragraph E
Answer: General points of agreements and disagreements of researchers
Supporting Sentence: Nonetheless, many studies have found clear effects and they have used sophisticated methodologies that make it possible to determine that i) these effects are not just due to chance; ii) they are independent of other factors that influence diets, such as parents’ eating habits or attitudes; and iii) they occur at a brand and category level.
Keyword: the diet, incontrovertible
Keyword Location: Paragraph E
Explanation: In paragraph E. The author mentioned the literature does suggest food promotion is influencing children’s diet in a number of ways. This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable.
Q6. Paragraph F
Answer: Underestimating the effects advertising has on children
Supporting Sentence: the studies have looked at the direct effects of individual children, and understate indirect influences. For example, promotion for fast food outlets may not only influence the child but also encourage parents to take them for meals and reinforce the idea that this is normal and desirable behaviour.
Keyword: cumulative, marketing
Keyword Location: Paragraph F
Explanation: In paragraph F, the author mentioned "the literature focuses principally on television advertising; the cumulative effect of this combined with other forms of promotion and marketing is likely to be significantly greater.".
Q7. Paragraph G
Answer: Need to take action
Supporting Sentence: The debate should now shift to what action is needed, and specifically to how the power of commercial marketing can be used to bring about improvements in young people’s eating.
Keyword: sufficient, evidence
Keyword Location: Paragraph G
Explanation: In paragraph F. The author states this does not amount to proof of an effect, but in our view does provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an effect exists.
Questions 8-13:
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts with the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
Q8. There is little difference between the healthy diet recommended by advisors and diet prompted in food advertisements.
Answer: No
Supporting Sentence: The advertised diet contrasts sharply with that recommended by public health advisors, and themes of fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support.
Keyword: fun, fantasy
Keyword Location: Paragraph A
Explanation: The author mentioned "fun and fantasy or taste, rather than health and nutrition, are used to promote it to children. Meanwhile, the recommended diet gets little promotional support".
Q9. TV advertising has successfully taught children nutritional knowledge about vitamins and others.
Answer: No
Supporting Sentence: The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion. In terms of nutritional knowledge, food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet, but, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge.
Keyword: traditional, contexts, perception
Keyword Location: Paragraph B
Explanation: The author mentioned that food advertising seems to have little influence on children’s general perceptions of what constitutes a healthy diet. However, in certain contexts, it does have an effect on more specific types of nutritional knowledge.
Q10. It is hard to decide which aspect accompanied by TV viewing has caused weight problems or other detrimental effects on children.
Answer: Yes
Supporting Sentence: There is plenty of evidence that children notice and enjoy food promotion. However, establishing whether this actually influences them is a complex problem. The review tackled it by looking at studies that had examined possible effects on what children know about food.
Keyword: cholesterol, outcomes
Keyword Location: Paragraph B
Explanation: In paragraph B.The author mentioned "actual food behaviour (both buying and eating), and their health outcomes (eg. Obesity or cholesterol levels). The majority of studies examined food advertising, but a few examined other forms of food promotion".
Q11. The preference of food for children is affected by their age and gender.
Answer: Not Given
Explanation: There is nothing in the passage to suggest that the food preference in children is either affected or not affected by their age and gender. Hence, the answer is NOT GIVEN
Q12. The investigation primarily for food promotion on TV advertising tend to be partial and incomplete
Answer: Yes
Supporting Sentence: This does not amount to proof; as noted above with this kind of research, incontrovertible proof simply isn’t attainable.
Keyword: conclusion, effects
Keyword Location: Paragraph E
Explanation: In paragraph E. The author mentioned that nor do all studies point to this conclusion; several have not found an effect. In addition, very few studies have attempted to measure how strong these effects are relative to other factors influencing children’s food choices.
Q13. Wealthy parents tend to buy more “sensible food” for their children. happening
Answer: Not Given
Explanation: There is nothing in the passage to suggest that wealthy parents buy more or less "sensible food" for their children. There is no correlation mentioned in the passage between wealth and food habits. Thus, the answer to the question is NOT GIVEN.
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