Education Philosophy Reading Answers

Jan 7, 2023

Education Philosophy Reading Answers contains a write up about the education philosophy of various researchers and the industrial revolution. Education Philosophy Reading Answers contains a total of 6 paragraphs. Related to the paragraphs are 13 questions. Candidates in this IELTS Section will be shown various question types with clear instructions.

Education Philosophy Reading Answers comprises two types of questions: Match the heading and choose the correct option. To Answer the match heading candidates must interpret the overall idea of each paragraph. The title must contain the subject talked about in a particular paragraph. For choosing the correct option the knowledge and information mentioned in the paragraph must be remembered. To answer the questions provided in the IELTS Reading passage,Applicants must attentively read each passage. To gain proficiency, candidates can practice from IELTS reading practice test.

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Section 1

Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions

Education Philosophy Reading Answers

Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre-industrial period, we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within 14 days of birth was as much as 30 per cent. Nearly all families suffered some premature death. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found it difficult to invest in their newborn children. Moreover, to protect themselves from the emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional commitment to an infant. It is no wonder that we find mothers leave their babies in gutters or refer to the death in the same paragraph with reference to pickles.

The 18th century witnessed the transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial one, one of the vital social changes taking place in the Western world. An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. Social supports which had previously existed in smaller communities were replaced by ruthless problems such as poverty, crime, substandard housing and disease. Due to the need for additional income to support the family, young children from the poorest families were forced into early employment and thus their childhood became painfully short. Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time, subjected to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution. Although such a role has disappeared in most wealthy countries, the practice of childhood employment still remains a staple in underdeveloped countries and rarely disappeared entirely.

The lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States. Previously, children from both rural and urban families were expected to participate in everyday labor due to the bulk of manual hard working. Nevertheless, thanks to the technological advances of the mid-1800s, coupled with the rise of the middle class and redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over time. People began to purchase toys and books for their children. When the country depended more upon machines, children in rural and urban areas were less likely to be required to work at home. Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly over the course of the 19th century, this trend increased exponentially after the civil war. John Locke, one of the most influential writers of his period, created the first clear and comprehensive statement of the ‘environmental position’ that family education determines a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modem learning theory. During the colonial period, his teachings about child care gained a lot of recognition in America.

According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French Revolution, people were ‘noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they are innocent, free and uncorrupted. In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel Emile to convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adult-hood. This work was based on his extensive observation of children and adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory and on the memories of his own childhood. He contrasts children with adults and describes their age-specific characteristics in terms of historical perspective and developmental psychology. Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schools to nurture children’s all-round development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. His approach to teaching consists of the general and special methods, and his theory was based upon establishing an emotionally healthy homelike learning environment, which had to be in place before more specific instructions occurred.

One of the best-documented cases of Pestalozzi’s theory concerned a so-called feral child named Victor, who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800. Prepubescent, mute, naked, and perhaps 11 or 12 years old, Victor had been seen foraging for food in the gardens of the locals in the area and sometimes accepted people’s direct offers of food before his final capture. Eventually, he was brought to Paris and expected to answer some profound questions about the nature of humans, but that goal was quashed very soon. A young physician Jean Marc Gaspard Itard was optimistic about the future of Victor and initiated a five-year education plan to civilize him and teach him to speak. With a subsidy from the government, Itard recruited a local woman Madame Guerin to assist him to provide a semblance of a home for Victor, and he spent an enormous amount of time and effort working with Victor. Itard’s goal to teach Victor the basics of speech could never be fully achieved, but Victor had learnt some elementary forms of communication.

Although other educators were beginning to recognise the simple truth embedded in Rousseau’s philosophy, it is not enough to identify the stages of children’s development alone. There must be a certain education which had to be geared towards those stages. One of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel in 1840. Froebel placed a high value on the importance of play in children’s learning. His invention would spread around the world eventually in a variety of forms. Froebel’s ideas were inspired through his cooperation with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Froebel didn’t introduce the notion of kindergarten until 58 years old, and he had been a teacher for four decades. The notion was a haven and a preparation for children who were about to enter the regimented educational system. The use of guided or structured play was a cornerstone of his kindergarten education because he believed that play was the most significant aspect of development at this time of life. Play serves as a mechanism for a child to grow emotionally and to achieve a sense of self-worth. Meanwhile, teachers served to organize materials and a structured environment in which each child, as an individual, could achieve these goals. When Froebel died in 1852, dozens of kindergartens had been created in Germany. Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.

Section 2

Solution and Explanation

Questions 1-4

Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-E from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

The inheritance and development of educational concepts of different thinkers
Why children had to work to alleviate the burden on family
Why children are not highly valued
The explanation for children dying in hospital at their early age
The first appearance of modem educational philosophy
The application of a creative learning method on a wild kid
The emergence and spread of the notion of kindergarten

Example Answer

Paragraph B ii

Paragraph A

Answer: iii
Supporting Statement: Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre-industrial period, we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within 14 days of birth was as much as 30 percent. Nearly all families suffered some premature death. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found it difficult to invest in their newborn children. Moreover, to protect themselves from the emotional consequences of children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional commitment to an infant. It is no wonder that we find mothers to leave their babies in gutters or refer to the death in the same paragraph with reference to pickles.
Keywords: accurate statistics, newborn children
Keyword Location: Paragraph A
Explanation: All parents found it difficult to invest in their newborn children since they knew they might have to bury some of them. Additionally, parents avoided developing any emotional attachment to a baby in order to shield themselves from the psychological effects of children dying. It is not surprising that women abandon their children in gutters or make a pickle-related allusion to a death in the same line. These lines explain why kids aren't given much value. As a result, the response is iii.

Paragraph C

Answer: v
Supporting Statement: the lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States. Previously, children from both rural and urban families were expected to participate in everyday labor due to the bulk of manual hard work.
Keywords: children underwent, rural and urban families
Keyword Location: Paragraph C
Explanation: As per paragraph C Work and home, however, gradually lost their symmetry as a result of the technical developments of the mid-1800s, the emergence of the middle class, and the redefining of family responsibilities. These words mark the debut of contemporary educational thought. So, v is the correct answer.

Paragraph D

Answer: i
Supporting Statement: In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel Emile to convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adulthood. This work was based on his extensive observation of children and adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory, and the memories of his childhood.
Keywords: 1762, infancy to adulthood
Keyword Location: Paragraph D
Explanation: As per paragraph D this book was founded on his in-depth observations of children and adolescents, their uniqueness, his theory of developmental psychology, and his childhood recollections. He draws comparisons between children and adults and discusses the traits unique to each age group in terms of historical context and developmental psychology. ” These lines imply the growth and transmission of educational principles from many philosophers. So, I is the correct answer.

Paragraph E

Answer: vi
Supporting Statement: one of the best-documented cases of Pestalozzi’s theory concerned a so-called feral child named Victor, who was captured in a small town in the south of France in 1800. Prepubescent, mute, naked, and perhaps 11 or 12 years old,
Keywords: best documented cases, South of France
Keyword Location: Paragraph E
Explanation: As per paragraph E Before his final capture, Victor had been seen scavenging for food in the locals' gardens and occasionally accepting their direct offers. These lines show how a wild child was taught using a creative learning approach. So, vi is the correct answer.

Questions 5-8

Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of dates below.

Match each event with the correct date, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of Dates

the 18th century (1700-1799)
the 19th century (1800-1899)
the 20th century (1900-1999)

the need for children to work

Answer: A
Supporting Statement: the lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the United States.
Keywords: lives of children, United States
Keyword Location: Paragraph C
Explanation: As per paragraph C due to the preponderance of physical labor, children from both rural as well as urban families used to be required to participate in daily labor. These lines suggest that children must work. The solution is therefore A.

the rise of the middle class

Answer: B
Supporting Statement: Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly over the course of the 19th century, this trend increased exponentially after the civil war.
Keywords: Industrial revolution, 19th century
Keyword Location: Paragraph C
Explanation: The lines of Paragraph C states that beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising steadily over the course of the 19th century appears in the eleventh line of paragraph C. "This tendency increased exponentially following the civil war. According to these lines, the middle class rose in the 19th century (1800-1899). So, B is the correct response.

the emergence of a kindergarten

Answer: B
Supporting Statement: one of the early examples was the invention of kindergarten, which was a word and a movement created by a German-born educator, Friedrich Froebel in 1840.
Keywords: German born educator
Keyword Location: Paragraph F
Explanation: As per the paragraph F one of the earliest examples is the creation of kindergarten, a term and a movement coined by a German-born educator named Friedrich Froebel in 1840, as stated in the third line of paragraph F. These sentences suggest that kindergartens began to be established in the 19th century. So, the correct answer is B.

the spread of kindergartens around the U.S.

Answer: C
Supporting Statement: Kindergartens began to increase in Europe, and the movement eventually reached and flourished in the United States in the 20th century.
Keywords: Kindergartens, United States
Keyword Location: Paragraph F
Explanation: According to the last sentence of paragraph F, kindergarten enrollment started to rise in Europe, and in the 20th century, the movement eventually spread to the United States and prospered there. These lines show that during the 20th century, kindergartens became more common in the US. The solution is therefore C.

Questions 9-13

Look at the following opinions or deeds (Questions 9-13) and the list of people below.
Match each opinion or deed with the correct person, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of People

Jean Jacques Rousseau
Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi
Jean Marc Gaspard Itard
Friedrich Froebel

was not successful to prove the theory

Answer: C
Supporting Statement: Itard’s goal to teach Victor the basics of speech could never be fully achieved, but Victor had learned some elementary forms of communication.
Keywords: Victor, communications
Keyword Location: Paragraph E
Explanation: The last line of paragraph E states that although Itard's goal of teaching Victor the fundamentals of speech could never be fully realized, Victor had acquired certain fundamental kinds of communication. This paragraph demonstrates how Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard conducted the theory's research. These phrases make it clear that Jean was unable to demonstrate his theory. The solution is therefore C.

observed a child’s record

Answer: A
Supporting Statement: he wrote a famous novel Emile to convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adulthood.
Keywords: Novel Emile, educational philosophy
Keyword Location: Paragraph D
Explanation: As per paragraph D this book was founded on his in-depth observations of children and adolescents, their uniqueness, his theory of developmental psychology, and his childhood recollections. He draws comparisons between children and adults and discusses the traits unique to each age group in terms of historical context and developmental psychology. These phrases make it obvious that Jean looked through a child's record. The solution is therefore A.

requested a study setting with emotional comfort firstly

Answer: B
Supporting Statement: Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schools to nurture children’s all-around development. He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society.
Keywords: Industrial Revolution, Corrupt society
Keyword Location: Paragraph D
Explanation: As per paragraph D his teaching strategy combines general and specialized techniques, and his thought was built around creating a secure, homelike learning environment that had to be in place before more detailed instructions could be given. These phrases make it obvious that Johan's first wish was for a study environment that was emotionally soothing. So, B is the correct response.

proposed that corruption was not a characteristic in people’s nature

Answer: A
Supporting Statement: he contrasts children with adults and describes their age-specific characteristics in terms of historical perspective and developmental psychology.
Keywords: age-specific, historical perspective
Keyword Location: Paragraph D
Explanation: As per paragraph A he concurred with Rousseau that although people are generally nice, corrupt societies have spoiled them. According to these lines, Jean Jacques Rousseau did not believe that corruption was a trait of human nature. The solution is therefore A.

was responsible for an increase in the number of a type of school

Answer: D
Supporting Statement: Froebel placed a high value on the importance of play in children’s learning. His invention would spread around the world eventually in a variety of forms.
Keywords: Froebel, invention
Keyword Location: Paragraph F
Explanation: As per paragraph F Froebel's collaboration with Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi served as inspiration for his ideas. Froebel had been teaching for forty years when he first proposed the idea of kindergarten, at the age of 58. The idea was a safe place and a way to get kids ready for the structured school system. These lines show that Fredrick Froebel was in charge of a rise in the quantity of a particular kind of school. The solution is therefore D.

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