Chemicals All and Rubbish Reading Answers

Mar 16, 2024

Chemicals, all and rubbish Reading Answers is an academic reading answers topic. Chemicals, all and rubbish Reading Answers have a total of 12 IELTS questions in total. This topic has 10 questions in which you have to fill up the black choosing appropriate words from paragraphs. In the rest of the questions we have say whether statement is true or false.

Candidates should read the IELTS Reading passage thoroughly to recognize synonyms, identify keywords, and answer the questions below. IELTS Reading practice papers, which feature topics such as Chemicals, all and rubbish Reading Answers. Candidates can use IELTS reading practice questions and answers to enhance their performance in the reading section.

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Section 1

Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions

Chemicals, Oil and Rubbish

Salmon have always had to cope with a variety of hazards in both freshwater and seawater environments in order to survive. Many threats are completely natural, like flash floods or predatory birds, larger fish and otters or seals. These threats have always existed, but it is the man-made dangers that have emerged over the last hundred years that are causing the real concern.
One of the most significant threats to Scottish salmon comes from the Scottish salmon-farming industry. Farmed salmon production in the North Atlantic area has increased dramatically, particularly in Norway, but also on the west coasts of Ireland and in the sea lochs of the Scottish Highlands. This has led to various problems. The first is that fish farms have created high concentrations of sea lice, which multiply in the confined conditions of sea rearing cages. Wild migrating sea trout and salmon smolts can be very vulnerable to attack by these lice. In addition to the sea lice, there is an increase in the risk of the spread of salmon disease or parasitic infestation, such as infectious salmon anaemia and Gyrodactylus salaris. Another problem is that escapees of farmed fish are known to be able to interbreed with wild fish. Since stocks in individual rivers are locally adapted to optimise their survival, this interbreeding has been shown to reduce the fitness of wild stocks for their indigenous environment. Salmon farming also has led to pollution of the water environment through uneaten food, fish faeces, or medications used to treat farmed salmon in their cages.
Pollution is a key factor in the survival of the Scottish Atlantic salmon. To be healthy, Atlantic salmon need cool, clean water that contains a lot of oxygen. Chemicals, oil and rubbish can all pollute a river and, if hot water is released into a stream, the water temperature may become too warm for the salmon and they will die. Problems with spawning can be caused by cattle walking in the river and stirring up mud, which can stick spawning gravels together and make it difficult for the salmon to make redds. Riverbank erosion, overgrazing and deforestation can likewise lead to mud being washed into streams and rivers, leading again to the gravel clogging. Afforestation can be another problem. If conifers are planted alongside rivers, the acidic needles can increase the acidity of the water, upsetting the natural balance. Conifers also block out light and prevent beneficial vegetation from growing alongside the rivers. Finally, organic pollution in the form of silage and slurry run off from farmland can cause problems in rivers. This increase in nutrients causes too many plants to grow in the water. Their subsequent decomposition leads to an excess of bacteria in the water, which uses up oxygen so that there is a fall in the amount of oxygen available for the Atlantic salmon.
In the sea, there are fisheries for lots of different kinds of fish. Sometimes, when a fishing boat is trying to catch one kind of fish, it will capture by-catch, which can include accidentally caught salmon smolts. Often, by the time a fishing boat realises it has caught the wrong type of fish, the fish are already dead. As salmon smolts move as a group in the sea, a fishing boat can sometimes catch (and kill) a lot of smolts all at once. Overfishing of fish that the salmon feed on also leads to depleted stocks of food for the salmon.
Sometimes biologists call plants and animals aliens when they are found living somewhere where they would not occur naturally. One alien species that causes a problem for salmon is the American signal crayfish. This creature has been introduced to some rivers in Scotland, although it normally lives in North America. The crayfish is a predator, eating insects, fish eggs, fry and larger fish. The crayfish is not a normal part of the food chain in Scottish rivers and by eating these foods, it changes the way that energy moves through rivers. It also creates burrows in riverbanks, which make the banks weak and more likely to collapse.
There are specific fisheries in the sea that target adult salmon returning from their feeding areas. Fishing here takes place in parts of the sea that do not belong to any one country and are called high seas fisheries. Adult salmon coming back to Scotland will tend to use the same general migration route across the sea, before choosing to go down either the west or east coast to return to their home river. It is when they are crossing the sea in a big group that they are vulnerable to high seas fisheries that track and pian the migration routes. In addition, once they follow the coast back to their home river, they can be caught in nets.
Climate change is thought to have already had some effects upon Scottish Atlantic salmon and this may be partly to blame for decreasing numbers. There is also particular evidence that the temperature of the top of the sea may affect smolt survival. Climate change can affect salmon in different ways. It can alter their development rates and make their food less available. The numbers of fish and animals that hunt salmon may also be positively affected by temperature. Scientists do not know exactly what might happen if climate change continues and they are undertaking research try and predict what might happen to Atlantic salmon under a variety of different climate conditions.

Section 2

Solution and Explanation

Questions 1-7

The text on the previous pages has 7 paragraphs A - G. Which paragraph contains the following information?

Too many trees next to a river can have a negative effect on the river's environment.

Answer: C
Supporting statement:“.........Afforestation can be another problem. If conifers are planted alongside rivers, the acidic needles can increase the acidity of the water, upsetting the natural balance...........”
Keywords: alongside, balance
Keyword Location: para C, line 8
Explanation: It is mentioned in para C that too many trees next to a river can have a negative effect on the river's environment.

Non native animal species can damage riverbanks.

Answer: E
Supporting statement:“.........Sometimes biologists call plants and animals aliens when they are found living somewhere where they would not occur naturally. One alien species that causes a problem for salmon is the American signal
crayfis..........”
Keywords: found, species
Keyword Location: para E, line 1
Explanation: This para talks about the American signal crayfish, an invasive species introduced to Scottish rivers, causing problems by altering the food chain, changing energy flow, and weakening riverbanks through burrowing.

Scottish salmon have always had a dangerous environment in which to live.

Answer: A
Supporting statement:“........Many threats are completely natural, like flash floods or predatory birds, larger fish and otters or seals. These threats have always existed, but it is the man-made dangers that have emerged over the last ...........”
Keywords: man, dangers
Keyword Location: para A, line 2
Explanation: Para A discusses the various natural and man-made threats faced by Scottish salmon, highlighting that while natural threats have always existed, man-made dangers over the last century are of particular concern.

Studies are being done to see how ocean warming may affect Scottish salmon.

Answer: G
Supporting statement:“.........Climate change is thought to have already had some effects upon Scottish Atlantic salmon and this may be partly to blame for decreasing numbers..........”
Keywords: effects, numbers
Keyword Location: para G, line 1
Explanation:Para G focuses on the effects of climate change on Scottish Atlantic salmon, mentioning research efforts to understand how temperature changes in the ocean, particularly at the sea surface, may impact salmon survival and other aspects of their ecology.

Young wild salmon are very susceptible to the parasites that are encouraged by salmon farming.

Answer: B
Supporting statement:“........One of the most significant threats to Scottish salmon comes from the Scottish salmon-farming industry. Farmed salmon production in the North Atlantic area has increased dramatically, particularly in Norway,...........”
Keywords: scottish, dramatically
Keyword Location: para B, line 1
Explanation:Para B discusses the threats posed by salmon farming to wild salmon, including the increased risk of sea lice infestation due to high concentrations of lice in fish farms, which can harm migrating wild salmon smolts.

Young salmon can sometimes be caught by mistake.

Answer: D
Supporting statement:“..........In the sea, there are fisheries for lots of different kinds of fish. Sometimes, when a fishing boat is trying to catch one kind of fish, it will capture by-catch, which can include accidentally caught salmon smolts. .........”
Keywords: fishing, salmon
Keyword Location: para D, line 1
Explanation: Para D mentions accidental catch (by-catch) of young salmon (smolts) by fishing boats targeting other species, which can lead to mortality, especially since smolts tend to move in groups in the sea.

Commercial fishermen's knowledge of Scottish salmon's migration patterns allows them to plan their fishing strategies.

Answer: F
Supporting statement:“.........There are specific fisheries in the sea that target adult salmon returning from their feeding areas............”
Keywords: salmon, fisheries
Keyword Location: para F, line 1
Explanation: Para F discusses how commercial fishing exploits the migration routes of adult salmon returning to Scottish rivers, targeting them at sea before they reach their spawning grounds. It indicates that fishermen's understanding of salmon migration influences their fishing tactics

Questions 8-10

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each.

What does the decay of increased plant growth in river water generate more of?

Answer: BACTERIA
Supporting statement:“.........Their subsequent decomposition leads to an excess of bacteria in the water, which uses up oxygen so that there is a fall in the amount of oxygen available for the Atlantic salmon..........”
Keywords: bacteria, salmon
Keyword Location: para C, line 15
Explanation: The paragraph discusses how increased plant growth in river water leads to decomposition, causing an increase in bacteria levels, which in turn deplete oxygen levels, negatively impacting Atlantic salmon.

What are fish accidentally caught known as?

Answer: BY-CATCH
Supporting statement:“..........Sometimes, when a fishing boat is trying to catch one kind of fish, it will capture by-catch, which can include accidentally caught salmon smolts.........”
Keywords: fish, smolts
Keyword Location: para D, line 1
Explanation: Fish accidentally caught during fishing operations, not targeted by fishermen, are termed by-catch

What threatens salmon that follow the shore to their river of birth?

Answer: NETS
Supporting statement:“......... In addition, once they follow the coast back to their home river, they can be caught in nets...........”
Keywords: home, caught
Keyword Location: para F, line 7
Explanation:Salmon returning to their home river may be caught in nets as they follow the coast back to their spawning grounds, posing a threat to their survival.

Questions 11 - 13

Complete the summary using the words in the box below.

Climate Change and the Scottish Atlantic

Salmon Climate change has also been blamed for Scottish Atlantic salmon problems, as temperature increases at the ocean's (11).......... may affect salmon mortality. Higher

Answer: SURFACE
Supporting statement:“........There is also particular evidence that the temperature of the top of the sea may affect smolt survival...........”

temperatures may also affect salmon (12)........ and food as well as (13) …….. numbers. Studies are being done to investigate this.

Answer: GROWTH
Supporting statement:“.......There is also particular evidence that the temperature of the top of the sea may affect smolt survival.

Climate change can affect salmon in different ways............”

Answer: PREDATOR
Supporting statement:“.........There is also particular evidence that the temperature of the top of the sea may affect smolt survival. Climate change can affect salmon in different ways..........”

List of Words