Advantages of Public Transport Reading Answers
The IELTS reading section assesses students based on their ability to read a passage and answer subsequent questions. These are the KPIs that are used to evaluate a candidate's reading abilities in IELTS examination. The details are required to be remembered in IELTS reading from the passage that is presented to them. IELTS academic reading is a crucial section and students are required to look after their preparation accordingly. Advantages of Public Transport IELTS reading answers is a topic which can be utilized by students to prepare themselves for IELTS reading assessment. Candidates face similar topics in IELTS reading practice papers.The topic includes questions as mentioned below:
- Match the headings
- True, false and not given
- Matching features
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Section 1
Read the Passage to Answer the Following Questions
Advantages of Public Transport Reading Answers
1.
A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.
2.
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
3.
According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.
4.
Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that 'the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'.
5.
Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities considered - Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.
6.
It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'.
7.
When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.
A
In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.
B
In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour traveling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.
C
There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are-often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars -creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.
D
Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city center was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.
E
It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'
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Section 2
Questions 1-5:
Reading Passage has five marked paragraphs, A-E.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
- Avoiding an overcrowded center
- A successful exercise in people power
- The benefits of working together in cities
- Higher incomes need not mean more cars
- Economic arguments fail to persuade
- The impact of telecommunications on population distribution
- Increases in traveling time
- Responding to arguments against public transport
Q1. Paragraph A
Answer: ii- A successful exercise in people power
Supporting Sentence: In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road.
Keywords: Newman, transport, Portland, Oregon, federal money
Keyword Location: Paragraph A; lines 1-3
Explanation: The introduction line in paragraph A highlights Newman’s notion of choosing a mode of transportation over another is a political decision. When the process is democratic, public transportation is mostly preferred. The politics in this aspect is addressed as people’s power. The lines depict the federal money was granted for the purpose of constructing a new road. Due to pressure from local groups, the money was invested on railway projects.
Q2. Paragraph B
Answer: vii- Increases in traveling time
Supporting Sentence: In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour traveling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination.
Keywords: UK, stable, centuries, trains, destination.
Keyword Location: Paragraph B. lines 3-4
Explanation: Public transportation has been unable to keep pace with the city's growth that further resulted in traffic congestion and increased travel times. Thus, the appropriate heading for this paragraph is vii- increases traveling time.
Q3. Paragraph C
Answer: iv. Higher incomes need not mean more cars
Supporting Sentence: There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport.
Keywords: widespread, wealth, encourages, viable.
Keyword Location: Paragraph C, lines 1-2
Explanation: Based on a general belief, higher scales of incomes encourages individuals to live in distant places where cars are the possible type of transport. However, an example has been quoted that tends to disprove this belief.
Q4. Paragraph D
Answer: i- Avoiding an overcrowded center
Supporting Sentence: Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city center was not the best approach.
Keywords: studies, The Urban Village, report, Melbourne.
Keyword Location: Paragraph D, lines 1-3
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above sentence that Newan considered that the Urban Village report is one of the best on building a map for cars and cities that might be converted into rail use. Melbourne is an example that has been quoted in this passage.
Q5. Paragraph E
Answer: iii- The benefits of working together in cities
Supporting Sentence: The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'
Keywords: valuable, fields, human creativity, flourishes.
Keyword Location: Paragraph E, lines 4-6
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above statement that it is a valuable practice to place people working in related fields together. This concludes that there are several benefits of working together.
Questions 6-10:
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE- if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE- if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN- if there is no information on this
Q6. The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.
Answer: False
Supporting Sentence: A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world.
Keywords: ISTP, World Bank by Murdoch University's, demonstrated, proportion.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 1; lines 1-4
Explanation: References can be highlighted from Paragraph 1 of the passage. However, based on the study, public transport has been found to be more efficient than cars. Moreover, the study established that public and private transport facilities are available in only 37 cities.
Q7. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.
Answer: True
Supporting Sentence: Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.
Keywords: ISTP Director, efficient, difference, industry.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2, lines 3-5
Explanation: It can be concluded from the paragraph that European and Asian cities are efficient and further differentiates in attracting industries and jobs and also improving the quality of lives of residents.
Q8. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.
Answer: Not given
Supporting Sentence: Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.
Keywords: Melbourne's, tram, network, outer suburbs, Australian, explosion, accommodation.
Keyword Location: paragraph 3, lines 4-6
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above paragraph that the large tram network of Melbourne made car usage in the inner city at a much lower rate. However, it lacks references associated with car drivers in the inner-city tram network.
Q9. In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.
Answer: False
Supporting Sentence: The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.
Keywords: explosion, accommodation, inner suburbs, preferences
Keyword Location: Paragraph 3, lines 5-6
Explanation: It can be concluded from the mentioned sentence that the number of people who prefer where they should live have recently shifted due to an increased demand for accommodation in Melbourne’s inner suburbs.
Q10. Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.
Answer: True
Supporting Sentence: Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities considered - Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.
Keywords: Bicycle, 'bicycle friendly', efficient, public transport
Keyword Location: Paragraph 5
Explanation: The above mentioned sentence highlights that bicycles haven’t been used. However, Amsterdam and Copenhagen were the two bicycle-friendly cities that were efficient despite the presence of reasonable public transport systems.
Questions 11-13:
Look at the following cities ( Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.
Match each city with the correct description, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
List of Descriptions
- successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment
- successful public transport system despite cold winters
- profitably moved from road to light rail transport system
- hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system
- heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty
- inefficient due to a limited public transport system
Q11. Perth
Answer: F- inefficient due to a limited public transport system
Supporting Sentence: The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport.
Keywords: study, Western Australian, Perth, minimal.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 2 line 1-2
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above statement that the first line of the second paragraph highlights a study of the Western Australian city of Perth that is an appropriate example of a city that has minimal public transport.
Q12. Auckland
Answer: D- hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system
Supporting Sentence: For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network.
Keywords: Newman, city, hilly, Auckland.
Keyword Location: Paragraph 7, lines 2-3
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above sentences that there is a trace of Auckland in paragraph 7. It states that Newman has accepted that it would be difficult for city with hills such as Auckland to undertake development of a really good network.
Q13. Portland
Answer: C- profitably moved from road to light rail transport system
Supporting Sentence: He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road.
Keywords: Portland, Oregon, federal money
Keyword Location: Paragraph A, lines 2-4
Explanation: It can be concluded from the above statement that Newman considered Portland, Oregon as a perfect example for establishment of a public transport system.
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