A New Ice Age Reading Answers

Jun 11, 2026

A New Ice Age Reading Answers is an academic reading answers topic. A New Ice Age Reading Answers has a total of 13 IELTS questions such as Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D. Look at the following statements (Questions 18-22) and the list of people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-D. NB You may use any letter more than once. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The IELTS Reading section is an essential part of the test that evaluates a candidate's comprehension and analysis of various passage types. You will work through a number of IELTS reading practice problems in this section that resemble actual test situations. These questions are designed to help you improve your ability to recognise essential concepts, extract particular facts, and make inferences. Practising these IELTS reading problems can help you get comfortable with the structure and increase your confidence for the exam, regardless of whether you are studying for the Academic or General Training module.

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Section 1

A New Ice Age

William Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic. But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s famous painting “George Washington Crossing the Delaware”, which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. “Most people think these other guys in the boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away,” says Curry, tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. “I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn’t happen anymore.”

But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalised by the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also return to Europe. His works, including the 1565 masterpiece “Hunters in the Snow”, make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a little ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return. A growing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolonged cooldown, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers about 12,000 years ago, the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northern Europe, and northern Asia.

“It could happen in 10 years,” says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. “Once it does, it can take hundreds of years to reverse.” And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously.

A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick, persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled “Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises”, produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests, increased housing expenses, dwindling fresh water, lower crop yields, and accelerated species extinctions.

The reason for such huge effects is simple. A quick climate change wreaks far more disruption than a slow one. People, animals, plants, and the economies that depend on them are like rivers, says the report: "For example, high water in a river will pose few problems until the water runs over the bank, after which levees can be breached, and massive flooding can occur. Many biological processes undergo shifts at particular thresholds of temperature and precipitation.”

Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficult for the world's poor. During previous cooling periods, whole tribes simply picked up and moved south, but that option doesn't work in the modern, tense world of closed borders. "To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people,” says the report.

But first things first. Isn't the Earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce. ‘ In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning, he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of fresh water - the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer - mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting Arctic ice, caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy.

The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea - a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic - "arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in the modern instrumental oceanographic record”.

The trend could cause a little ice age by subverting the northern penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden with heat soaked up in the tropics, meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air. Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That’s why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston, for example, lies at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heat also warms Americans and Canadians. “It’s a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon," says Joyce.

Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deep-water current called the Great Ocean Conveyor that snakes through all the world’s oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with fresh water, it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink. The new mass of relatively fresh water sits on top of the ocean like a big thermal blanket, threatening the thermohaline circulation. That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point, the whole system could simply shut down, and do so quickly. “There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point, from which we can jump to a new state.”

Questions 14-17

Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D.

14. The writer uses paintings in the first paragraph to illustrate

A. possible future climate change.

B. climate change of the last two centuries.

C. the river doesn't freeze in winter anymore.

D. how George Washington led his troops across the river.

Answer: A

Supporting statement: "But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes... may also return to Europe."

Keywords: paintings, return, future.

Keyword Location: Para B, Line 1.

Explanation: The author uses the historical paintings to show what the world looked like during the Little Ice Age and suggests these conditions could return in the future.

15. Which of the following do scientists believe to be possible?

A. The temperature may drop over much of the Northern Hemisphere.

B. It will be colder than 12,000 years ago.

C. The entire Northern Hemisphere will be covered in ice.

D. Europe will look more like Lapland.

Answer: A

Supporting statement: "...the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures... over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northern Europe, and northern Asia."

Keywords: drop, average temperatures, United States, Europe, Asia.

Keyword Location: Para B, Last line.

Explanation: The text specifies temperature drops across these broad regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

16. Why is it difficult for the poor to survive the next ice age?

A. People don't live in tribes anymore.

B. Politics are changing too fast today.

C. Abrupt climate change causes people to live off their land.

D. Migration has become impossible because of closed borders.

Answer: D

Supporting statement: "...that option doesn't work in the modern, tense world of closed borders."

Keywords: modern, closed borders, migration.

Keyword Location: Para F, Line 2.

Explanation: Historically, people moved south to escape cold, but the text notes that modern political borders now prevent this "safety net."

17. Why is continental Europe much warmer than North America in winter?

A. Wind blows most of the heat of tropical currents to Europe.

B. Europe and North America are at different latitudes.

C. The Gulf Stream has stopped yielding heat to the air.

D. The Gulf Stream moves north along the east coast of North America.

Answer: A

Supporting statement: "Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe."

Keywords: winds, blow eastward, heat, Europe.

Keyword Location: Para I, Line 4.

Explanation: The Gulf Stream carries heat, and the prevailing winds push that warmth toward the European continent.

Questions 18-22

Look at the following statements (Questions 18-22) and the list of people in the box below.

Match each statement with the correct person A-D. NB You may use any letter more than once.

18. Most Americans are not prepared for the next ice age.

Answer: B

Supporting statement: “And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously.”

Keywords: alarmed, Americans, yet to take, seriously.

Keyword Location: Para C, Line 2.

Explanation: Terrence Joyce expresses concern that the American public is not prepared for or paying attention to the threat of an impending abrupt cooling.

19. The result of abrupt climate change is catastrophic.

Answer: D

Supporting statement: “A 2002 report... produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable.”

Keywords: National Academy of Sciences, cost, agricultural losses, incalculable.

Keyword Location: Para D, Line 3.

Explanation: The National Academy of Sciences provides the data regarding the "devastating" and "catastrophic" economic and ecological impacts of abrupt climate change.

20. The world is not as cold as it used to be.

Answer: A

Supporting statement: “I grew up in Philadelphia... I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn’t happen anymore.”

Keywords: Philadelphia, painting, doesn’t happen, anymore.

Keyword Location: Para A, Last line.

Explanation: William Curry uses the painting to show that the frozen rivers common in the 1700s no longer freeze today, indicating the world has warmed since then.

21. Global warming is closely connected to the ice age.

Answer: B

Supporting statement: “...he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age.”

Keywords: Joyce, warming, culprit, mini-ice age.

Keyword Location: Para G, Line 2.

Explanation: Terrence Joyce explains the "paradox" of how global warming (melting Arctic ice) is the direct trigger for a future cooling period.

22. Alerted people to the change of ocean water in a conference.

Answer: C

Supporting statement: “Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu...”

Keywords: Bob Dickson, sounded an alarm, conference.

Keyword Location: Para H, Line 1.

Explanation: The text specifically credits Bob Dickson with presenting the alarming data regarding ocean salinity at a scientific conference.

List of People

A. William Curry

C. Bob Dickson

Questions 23-26

B. Terrence Joyce

D. National Academy of Sciences

Questions 23-26

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Tropical warm water ← Less 23..............

↓

Water becomes 24.......... and sinks ← Thermohaline circulation

↓

Deep ocean current called 25............. ← Increase in 26..............

↓

Less dense, hard to sink ← Stays on top

↓

Gulf Stream slows or shuts down

23…………..

Answer: heat

Supporting statement: “As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air.” Keywords: northward, surrenders, heat.

Keyword Location: Para I, Line 3.

Explanation: As the tropical water moves north, it loses heat, which is the first step in the water becoming cold enough to sink.

24………….

Answer: denser

Supporting statement: “Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic...”

Keywords: now-cooler, denser, sinks.

Keyword Location: Para J, Line 1.

Explanation: The physical change that allows the water to descend and power the current is its increase in density.

25…………..

Answer: Great Ocean Conveyor

Supporting statement: “This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deep-water current called the Great Ocean Conveyor...”

Keywords: deep-water current, engine, Great Ocean Conveyor.

Keyword Location: Para J, Line 4.

Explanation: The cooling and sinking of water is the specific mechanism that drives this global deep-water current.

26…………..

Answer: fresh water

Supporting statement: “But as the North Atlantic fills with fresh water, it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink.”

Keywords: fills with, fresh water, less dense.

Keyword Location: Para J, Line 5.

Explanation: The influx of fresh water (from melting ice) reduces the density of the surface water, which prevents it from sinking and threatens to stop the entire current system.

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